{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:50:37Z","timestamp":1790797837759,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European commission","award":["KK.01.1.1.01.0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.01.0010"]}]},{"name":"European commission","award":["KK.01.2.2.03.0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.2.2.03.0006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The obesity pandemic has brought forth a scientific interest in food intake and sensory perception interactions. Olfactory perception and gustatory perception are very complex and under the influence of many factors, including the menstrual cycle. This study aims to clarify conflicting findings on the influence of the menstrual cycle on olfactory and gustatory perception. Women were assessed during four consecutive phases of one complete cycle (mid-follicular, ovulatory, mid-luteal, and late luteal phases (N = 21)), in contrast to women measured across the same phases belonging to two menstrual cycles (N = 29). Additional control groups were men (N = 17), postmenopausal women (N = 14), oral contraceptive users (N = 10), and women with an anovulatory cycle (N = 8). Olfactory threshold, odor discrimination, and identification were tested using the \u201cSniffin Sticks\u201c test kit. Suprathreshold intensity and hedonic ratings for sweet, salty, sour, and bitter solutions were assessed. One-way ANOVA and ANOVA for repeated measurements was applied in the analysis, along with linear and trigonometric data fitting and linear mixed models. Linear increases in olfactory discrimination, identification, and overall olfactory performance were observed only in women followed across a complete menstrual cycle. Compared to other groups, these women displayed a cyclic pattern characterized by a predilection for sweet solution; reduced distaste for salty and sour solutions; and increased intensity perception of salty, sour, and bitter solutions towards the end of the cycle. These results suggest that a distinct hormonal milieu of a complete menstrual cycle may be affecting both olfactory and gustatory perception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T22:35:31Z","timestamp":1626993331000},"page":"2509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Does Each Menstrual Cycle Elicit a Distinct Effect on Olfactory and Gustatory Perception?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-9105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017dana","family":"Stani\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Gynecology, Obstetrics and Minimally Invasive Gynaecologic Surgery, General Hospital Zabok and Hospital of Croatian Veterans, Bra\u010dak 8, 49210 Zabok, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3725-3728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajka","family":"Pribisali\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, \u0160oltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bo\u0161kovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Medical Genetics, University of Split School of Medicine, \u0160oltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasna","family":"Bu\u0107an Cvitani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care, General Hospital Koprivnica, Zeljka Salingera 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Boban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Health Centre Zagreb West, Trsje 19b, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ba\u0161kovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, General Hospital Bjelovar, Ul. Antuna Mihanovi\u0107a 8, 43000 Bjelovar, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonija","family":"Bartuli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Split, Spin\u010di\u0107eva 1, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzana","family":"Demo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Health Center of Split-Dalmatia County, Kavanjinova 2, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozren","family":"Pola\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, \u0160oltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7918-6052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Kol\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, \u0160oltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201005-035RN","article-title":"Olfaction","volume":"8","author":"Pinto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. 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