{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T20:30:12Z","timestamp":1782505812386,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development, Government of Sri Lanka","award":["AHEAD\/PhD\/R2\/MED\/151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AHEAD\/PhD\/R2\/MED\/151"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonates with preterm, gastrointestinal dysfunction and very low birth weights are often intolerant to oral feeding. In such infants, the provision of nutrients via parenteral nutrition (PN) becomes necessary for short-term survival, as well as long-term health. However, the elemental nutrients in PN can be a major source of oxidants due to interactions between nutrients, imbalances of anti- and pro-oxidants, and environmental conditions. Moreover, neonates fed PN are at greater risk of oxidative stress, not only from dietary sources, but also because of immature antioxidant defences. Various interventions can lower the oxidant load in PN, including the supplementation of PN with antioxidant vitamins, glutathione, additional arginine and additional cysteine; reduced levels of pro-oxidant nutrients such as iron; protection from light and oxygen; and proper storage temperature. This narrative review of published data provides insight to oxidant molecules generated in PN, nutrient sources of oxidants, and measures to minimize oxidant levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"2631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Parenteral Nutrition and Oxidant Load in Neonates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2893-7888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kandeepan","family":"Karthigesu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5069-5785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert F.","family":"Bertolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnston, K.M., Gooch, K., Korol, E., Vo, P., Eyawo, O., Bradt, P., and Levy, A. 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