{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T22:09:17Z","timestamp":1782857357613,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009104","name":"Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emila","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["494\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["494\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018-2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Reggio Emilia Health Authority of the National Health Service.","award":["not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["not applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High sodium and low potassium intakes are associated with increased levels of blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular diseases. Assessment of habitual dietary habits are helpful to evaluate their intake and adherence to healthy dietary recommendations. In this study, we determined sodium and potassium food-specific content and intake in a Northern Italy community, focusing on the role and contribution of adherence to Mediterranean diet patterns. We collected a total of 908 food samples and measured sodium and potassium content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, we assessed habitual dietary intake of 719 adult individuals of the Emilia-Romagna region. We then estimated sodium and potassium daily intake for each food based on their relative contribution to the overall diet, and their link to Mediterranean diet patterns. The estimated mean sodium intake was 2.15 g\/day, while potassium mean intake was 3.37 g\/day. The foods contributing most to sodium intake were cereals (33.2%), meat products (24.5%, especially processed meat), and dairy products (13.6%), and for potassium they were meat (17.1%, especially red and white meat), fresh fruits (15.7%), and vegetables (15.1%). Adherence to a Mediterranean diet had little influence on sodium intake, whereas potassium intake was greatly increased in subjects with higher scores, resulting in a lower sodium\/potassium ratio. Although we may have underestimated dietary sodium intake by not including discretionary salt use and there may be some degree of exposure misclassification as a result of changes in food sodium content and dietary habits over time, our study provides an overview of the contribution of a wide range of foods to the sodium and potassium intake in a Northern Italy community and of the impact of a Mediterranean diet on intake. The mean sodium intake was above the dietary recommendations for adults of 1.5\u20132 g\/day, whilst potassium intake was only slightly lower than the recommended 3.5 g\/day. Our findings suggest that higher adherence to Mediterranean diet patterns has limited effect on restricting sodium intake, but may facilitate a higher potassium intake, thereby aiding the achievement of healthy dietary recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"2681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Sodium and Potassium Content of Foods Consumed in an Italian Population and the Impact of Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet on Their Intake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1719-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Malavolti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1610-1813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Androniki","family":"Naska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1413-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan J.","family":"Fairweather-Tait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, James Watson Road, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Malagoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Vescovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Marchesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head Office, Direzione Generale, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0551-2473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Vinceti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2100-0344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Filippini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990\u20132015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Vos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: Update from the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"ISTAT (2021, July 19). Main Causes of Death in Italy\u20142012, Available online: https:\/\/www.istat.it\/it\/files\/\/2014\/12\/Principali_cause_morte_2012.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.048","article-title":"The effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"230","author":"Filippini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14240","article-title":"High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"75","author":"Fuchs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, and Board, F.A.N. (2019). Health and Medicine Division Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17223","article-title":"Sodium, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"77","author":"Whelton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031371","article-title":"Sodium and Potassium Intake in US Adults","volume":"137","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA), Turck, D., Bresson, J.-L., Burlingame, B., Dean, T., Fairweather-Tait, S., Heinonen, M., Hirsch-Ernst, K.I., and Mangelsdorf, I. (2016). Dietary reference values for potassium. EFSA J., 14, e04592.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4592"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015719","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.015719","article-title":"Potassium Intake and Blood Pressure: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"9","author":"Filippini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Hear. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004210","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004210","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Potassium Intake and the Risk of Stroke","volume":"5","author":"Vinceti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Hear. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050371","article-title":"Blood Pressure Effects of Sodium Reduction","volume":"143","author":"Filippini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.-J., Yeh, T.-L., Shih, M.-C., Tu, Y.-K., and Chien, K.-L. (2020). Dietary Sodium Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102934"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.017","article-title":"Dietary sodium, sodium-to-potassium ratio, and risk of stroke: A systematic review and nonlinear dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Jayedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13797","article-title":"Strategies for prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Whelton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1731","article-title":"Association of Normal Systolic Blood Pressure Level with Cardiovascular Disease in the Absence of Risk Factors","volume":"5","author":"Whelton","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000864","article-title":"New findings bearing on the prevention, detection and management of high blood pressure","volume":"36","author":"Carey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"686","article-title":"Dietary salt promotes cognitive impairment through tau phosphorylation","volume":"574","author":"Faraco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-191339","article-title":"Link Between Dietary Sodium Intake, Cognitive Function, and Dementia Risk in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review","volume":"76","author":"Mohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2021.106270","article-title":"Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) study: Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of a randomized control trial of the MIND diet on cognitive decline","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000486580","article-title":"Dietary Sodium\/Potassium Intake Does Not Affect Cognitive Function or Brain Imaging Indices","volume":"47","author":"Nowak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"WHO Tackling NCDs: \u2018Best Buys\u2019 and Other Recommended Interventions for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/259232."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2003997","article-title":"Total-diet study: Dietary intakes of macro elements and trace elements in Italy","volume":"90","author":"Aguzzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guastadisegni, C., Donfrancesco, C., Palmieri, L., Grioni, S., Krogh, V., Vanuzzo, D., Strazzullo, P., Vannucchi, S., Onder, G., and Giampaoli, S. (2020). Nutrients Intake in Individuals with Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, and Diabetes: An Italian Survey. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040923"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"SINU (2014). Livelli di Assunzione di Riferimento di Nutrienti ed Energia per la Popolazione Italiana (LARN), SICS Editore. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Turck, D., Castenmiller, J., De Henauw, S., Hirsch-Ernst, K., Kearney, J., Knutsen, H.K., Maciuk, A., and Mangelsdorf, I. (2019). Dietary reference values for sodium. EFSA J., 17, e05778.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5778"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2013.816937","article-title":"The third National Food Consumption Survey, INRAN-SCAI 2005\u201306: Major dietary sources of nutrients in Italy","volume":"64","author":"Sette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.015","article-title":"Trend in potassium intake and Na\/K ratio in the Italian adult population between the 2008 and 2018 CUORE project surveys","volume":"31","author":"Donfrancesco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-019-00324-w","article-title":"Dietary Estimated Intake of Trace Elements: Risk Assessment in an Italian Population","volume":"12","author":"Filippini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109370","article-title":"Lead exposure in an Italian population: Food content, dietary intake and risk assessment","volume":"137","author":"Malavolti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.03.001","article-title":"Dietary intake of cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, selenium and zinc in a Northern Italy community","volume":"50","author":"Filippini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malagoli, C., Malavolti, M., Farnetani, F., Longo, C., Filippini, T., Pellacani, G., and Vinceti, M. (2019). Food and Beverage Consumption and Melanoma Risk: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Northern Italy. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092206"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2017.1384577","article-title":"A conceptual framework for the collection of food products in a Total Diet Study","volume":"35","author":"Turrini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Bottecchi, I., and Vinceti, M. (2012). Trace Elements in Foods: Analysis of Diet of Reggio Emilia and Modena. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6388","article-title":"Toenail selenium as an indicator of environmental exposure: A cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Filippini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.04.010","article-title":"Intake of arsenic and mercury from fish and seafood in a Northern Italy community","volume":"116","author":"Filippini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.01.012","article-title":"Aluminum and tin: Food contamination and dietary intake in an Italian population","volume":"52","author":"Filippini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trace Elements Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00969.x","article-title":"Assays with lower detection limits: Implications for epidemiological investigations","volume":"22","author":"Whitcomb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paediatr. Pe\u00e9rinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"41","article-title":"Validity of the Italian EPIC questionnaire to assess past diet","volume":"156","author":"Pasanisi","year":"2002","journal-title":"IARC Sci. Publ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2011.539314","article-title":"Inverse Association Between Dietary Vitamin D and Risk of Cutaneous Melanoma in a Northern Italy Population","volume":"63","author":"Vinceti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.08.002","article-title":"Dietary cadmium intake and risk of cutaneous melanoma: An Italian population-based case-control study","volume":"56","author":"Filippini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.209320","article-title":"Diet Quality and Risk of Melanoma in an Italian Population","volume":"145","author":"Malagoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filippini, T., Adani, G., Malavolti, M., Garuti, C., Cilloni, S., Vinceti, G., Zamboni, G., Tondelli, M., Galli, C., and Costa, M. (2020). Dietary Habits and Risk of Early-Onset Dementia in an Italian Case-Control Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123682"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.04.011","article-title":"MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.140061","article-title":"A Priori\u2013Defined Dietary Patterns Are Associated with Reduced Risk of Stroke in a Large Italian Cohort","volume":"141","author":"Agnoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.11.009","article-title":"MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.77","article-title":"Variation in intakes of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and potassium in 10 countries in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study","volume":"63","author":"Welch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2013.11.007","article-title":"Back to the future: The Mediterranean diet paradigm","volume":"24","author":"Naska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1757-3","article-title":"Differences in the interpretation of a modernized Mediterranean diet prescribed in intervention studies for the management of type 2 diabetes: How closely does this align with a traditional Mediterranean diet?","volume":"58","author":"Villani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2013.08.002","article-title":"Toward a Modern Mediterranean Diet for the 21st Century","volume":"23","author":"Stamler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idelson, P.I., D\u2019Elia, L., Cairella, G., Sabino, P., Scalfi, L., Fabbri, A., Galletti, F., Garbagnati, F., Lionetti, L., and Paolella, G. (2020). Salt and Health: Survey on Knowledge and Salt Intake Related Behaviour in Italy. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020279"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.08.001","article-title":"Identification of dietary patterns in a general population of North Italian adults and their association with arterial stiffness. The RoCAV study","volume":"31","author":"Lasalvia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b4567","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b4567","article-title":"Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"339","author":"Strazzullo","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp139","article-title":"Salt intakes around the world: Implications for public health","volume":"38","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1991.10718167","article-title":"Relative contributions of dietary sodium sources","volume":"10","author":"Mattes","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"WHO (2012). Guideline: Sodium Intake for Adults and Children, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241504836."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"WHO (2012). Guideline: Potassium Intake for Adults and Children, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241504829."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111210","article-title":"A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of exposure to environmental selenium and the risk of type 2 diabetes in nonexperimental studies","volume":"197","author":"Vinceti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601185","article-title":"Food consumption patterns in Italy: The INN-CA Study 1994\u20131996","volume":"55","author":"Turrini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601719","article-title":"Dietary and nutritional patterns in an elderly rural population in Northern and Southern Italy: (I). A cluster analysis of food consumption","volume":"57","author":"Leite","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2012.04.004","article-title":"Excess dietary sodium and inadequate potassium intake in Italy: Results of the MINISAL study","volume":"23","author":"Donfrancesco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponzo, V., Pellegrini, M., Costelli, P., V\u00e1zquez-Ara\u00fajo, L., Gayoso, L., D\u2019Eusebio, C., Ghigo, E., and Bo, S. (2021). Strategies for Reducing Salt and Sugar Intakes in Individuals at Increased Cardiometabolic Risk. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010279"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27740","article-title":"Italian mediterranean index and risk of colorectal cancer in the Italian section of the EPIC cohort","volume":"132","author":"Agnoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.12.1433","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet, Lifestyle Factors, and 10-Year Mortality in Elderly European Men and Women","volume":"292","author":"Knoops","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.12.020","article-title":"The Mediterranean diet from past to future: Key concepts from the second \u201cAncel Keys\u201d International Seminar","volume":"31","author":"Russo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"337","article-title":"Promoting health and preventing non-communicable diseases: Evaluation of the adherence of the Italian population to the Mediterranean Diet by using the PREDIMED questionnaire","volume":"33","author":"Tessari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Ig"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/03670240802577390","article-title":"Level of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Among Elderly Individuals Living in Mediterranean Islands: Nutritional Report from the Medis Study","volume":"48","author":"Tyrovolas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Food Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511002078","article-title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean diet reduces mortality in the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain)","volume":"106","author":"Buckland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a1344","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a1344","article-title":"Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: Meta-analysis","volume":"337","author":"Sofi","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9139","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7115459","article-title":"Definition of the Mediterranean Diet; A Literature Review","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"CD009825","article-title":"Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"2019","author":"Rees","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Ministry of Health (2021, July 19). Know the Water from Your Tap, Available online: http:\/\/www.salute.gov.it\/portale\/temi\/p2_6.jsp?lingua=italiano&id=4528&area=acque_potabili&menu=dieta."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"71","article-title":"Variations in the mineral content of bottled \u2018carbonated or sparkling\u2019 water across Europe: A comparison of 126 brands across 10 countries","volume":"74","author":"Stoots","year":"2021","journal-title":"Central Eur. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pravst, I., Lavri\u0161a, \u017d., Ku\u0161ar, A., Miklavec, K., and \u017dmitek, K. (2017). Changes in Average Sodium Content of Prepacked Foods in Slovenia during 2011\u20132015. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090952"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahuja, J.K.C., Li, Y., Haytowitz, D.B., Bahadur, R., Pehrsson, P.R., and Cogswell, M.E. (2019). Assessing Changes in Sodium Content of Selected Popular Commercially Processed and Restaurant Foods: Results from the USDA: CDC Sentinel Foods Surveillance Program. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081754"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13628","article-title":"The Science of Salt: A global review on changes in sodium levels in foods","volume":"21","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E228","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd11.140335","article-title":"Sodium, Saturated Fat, andTransFat Content Per 1,000 Kilocalories: Temporal Trends in Fast-Food Restaurants, United States, 2000\u20132013","volume":"11","author":"Urban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108836","article-title":"Sodium in different processed and packaged foods: Method validation and an estimative on the consumption","volume":"129","author":"Orlando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.03.048","article-title":"Diet composition and serum levels of selenium species: A cross-sectional study","volume":"115","author":"Filippini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"40","article-title":"The Health Examination Survey at regional level: The Emilia-Romagna Region (Northern Italy) example","volume":"44","author":"Salvia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Prev"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1177\/030089160308900603","article-title":"Diet in the Italian Epic Cohorts: Presentation of Data and Methodological Issues","volume":"89","author":"Pala","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tumori J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601432","article-title":"A European food consumption survey method\u2013conclusions and recommendations","volume":"56","author":"Brussaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S152","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.suppl_1.S152","article-title":"Relative validity and reproducibility of a food frequency dietary questionnaire for use in the Italian EPIC centres","volume":"26","author":"Pisani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/8\/2681\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:38:48Z","timestamp":1760164728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/8\/2681"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13082681"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13082681","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]}}}