{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:34:39Z","timestamp":1792197279603,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nutrient deficiency is a common cause of underperformance in endurance athletes, and supplement intake is frequently considered compensatory for vegan and vegetarian athletes specifically. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of supplement intake among vegan, vegetarian, and omnivorous distance (&gt;10 km) runners and its association with age, sex, and race distance. From a total of 317 runners who participated in an online survey, 220 distance runners (mean age: 38.5 years; mean BMI: 21.75 kg\/m2) were selected for the final sample after data clearance and assigned to 100 omnivores, 40 vegetarians, or 80 vegans. Sociodemographic information, racing experience, and patterns of supplement intake, including type, frequency, dosage, etc., were collected using a questionnaire. Macronutrient intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. ANOVA and logistic regression were used for data analysis. The prevalence of supplement intake was 51% for total runners and 72% among vegan runners. Age, sex, and race distance had no significant effect on the type of supplement intake (p &gt; 0.05). Compared to omnivores and vegetarians, vegan runners reported consuming more vitamin (but not carbohydrate\/protein or mineral) supplements (p &lt; 0.05). Vitamin B12, magnesium, and multivitamin had the most prevalent use amongst micronutrient supplements. This study points to a central role for supplementary nutritional strategies in different groups of distance runners. The present findings may help future investigations by design to identify specific requirements of endurance runners when adhering to specific kinds of diet particularly plant-based diets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T08:57:14Z","timestamp":1628585834000},"page":"2741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Supplement Intake in Recreational Vegan, Vegetarian, and Omnivorous Endurance Runners\u2014Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6208-4655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Wirnitzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Subject Didactics and Educational Research and Development, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Life and Health Science Cluster Tirol, Subcluster Health\/Medicine\/Psychology, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Research Center Medical Humanities, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6453-9695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Motevalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derrick R.","family":"Tanous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Gregori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerold","family":"Wirnitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adventurev & Change2v, 6135 Stans, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Leitzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition, University of Gie\u00dfen, 35390 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6436-6306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Rosemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2412-9103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beat","family":"Knechtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Vegan diet in sports and exercise\u2014Health benefits and advantages to athletes and physically active people: A narrative review","volume":"6","author":"Wirnitzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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