{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:14:18Z","timestamp":1760235258318,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2020\u20132021 changed the eating habits of people around the world. The aim of this study is to understand the effects of COVID-19 on changing consumers\u2019 eating habits, including their concerns about food service nutrition in case of new disease risk factors. The survey conducted using the computer-assisted web-based interviewing method on a group of 1021 adult respondents in Poland. We collected information about consumer choices and habits related to use of food services during the pandemic. This research found that COVID-19 had an impact on consumers\u2019 use of food services, both on-site and take-away. Using cluster analysis, we identified five main groups of food service consumers. It was found that almost half of the respondent group did not change their diet during the pandemic, 20% of respondents changed their diet to a positive one, and 20% to a diet that was negative. For respondents the most important forms of protection against COVID-19 in catering establishments were hand disinfection (70.3%), table disinfection (70.4%), wearing of masks and visors by staff (68.2%), and the possibility of cashless payments (64.6%). Based on cluster analysis (eight consumer clusters), we stated that majority of respondents did not see any threats to using catering service during the pandemic. Only a small group (8.1%) of respondents were afraid of the possibility of getting sick with COVID-19. This study presented the effects of COVID-19 on consumer eating behavior in catering and their concerns with food services uses. Discovering consumer concerns can reduce risk, increase food safety and improve eating habits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T21:48:12Z","timestamp":1628718492000},"page":"2760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Use of Food Services by Consumers in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. How the Eating Habits of Consumers Changed in View of the New Disease Risk Factors?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6557-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Czarniecka-Skubina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), Str. Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlena","family":"Pielak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), Str. Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8012-3593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Sa\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), Str. Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6283-6626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"G\u0142uchowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), Str. Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2834-0405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Kobus-Cisowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastronomy Sciences and Functional Foods, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1586-2941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Owczarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Economics, Gdynia Maritime University, Str. Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bienkov, A. (2021, May 06). Coronavirus: Loss of smell and taste may be hidden symptom of COVID-19. Business Insider, 28 March 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/coronavirussymptoms-loss-of-smell-taste-covid-19-anosmia-hyposmia-2020-3."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2021, May 10). Symptoms of Coronavirus, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/symptomstesting\/symptoms.html."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Quintela, A., Milton-Laskibar, I., Trepiana, J., G\u00f3mez-Zorita, S., Kajarabille, N., L\u00e9niz, A., Gonz\u00e1lez, M., and Portillo, M.P. (2020). Key Aspects in Nutritional Management of COVID-19 Patients. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082589"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pomara, C., Li Volti, G., and Cappello, F. (2020). COVID-19 Deaths: Are We Sure It Is Pneumonia? Please, Autopsy, Autopsy, Autopsy!. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051259"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salerno, M., Sessa, F., Piscopo, A., Montana, A., Torrisi, M., Patan\u00e8, F., Murabito, P., Li Volti, G., and Pomara, C. (2020). No Autopsies on COVID-19 Deaths: A Missed Opportunity and the Lockdown of Science. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051472"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.14.SPL1.12","article-title":"Food safety and COVID-19: Precautionary measures to limit the spread of coronavirus at food service and retail sector","volume":"14","author":"Shahbaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, S., Nguyen, T.D., Rojas, F.L., Raman, S., Lee, B., Bento, A., Simon, K.I., and Wing, C. (2020). Tracking Public and Private Responses to the COVID-19 Epidemic: Evidence from State and Local Government Actions, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc.. Available online: http:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27027.pdf.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27027"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Killeen, B.D., Wu, J.Y., Shah, K., Zapaishchykova, A., Nikutta, P., Tamhane, A., Chakraborty, S., Wei, J., Gao, T., and Thies, M. (2020). A County-Level Dataset for Informing the United States\u2019 Response to COVID-19. arXiv, Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2004.00756."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30076-1","article-title":"Outbreak of coronavirus disease","volume":"20","author":"Burki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0372-4","article-title":"A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing pneumonia-associated respiratory syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"57","article-title":"WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic","volume":"91","author":"Cucinotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Bio Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"100744","article-title":"Impacts of COVID-19 on global tourism industry: A cross-regional comparison","volume":"36","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidor, A., and Rzymski, P. (2020). Dietary choices and habits during COVID-19 lockdown: Experience from Poland. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061657"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u0142aszczyk-B\u0119benek, E., Jagielski, P., Boles\u0142awska, I., Jagielska, A., Nitsch-Osuch, A., and Kawalec, P. (2020). Nutrition Behaviors in Polish Adults before and during COVID-19 Lockdown. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103084"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Statistics Poland (2021, April 15). Business Tendency in Manufacturing, Construction, Trade and Services 2000\u20132021 (February 2021) with Annexes, Available online: https:\/\/stat.gov.pl\/download\/gfx\/portalinformacyjny\/en\/defaultaktualnosci\/3327\/1\/47\/1\/bts-february-2021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Statistics Poland (2021, April 15). Business Tendency in Manufacturing, Construction, Trade and Services 2000\u20132021 (March 2021) with Annexes, Available online: https:\/\/stat.gov.pl\/download\/gfx\/portalinformacyjny\/en\/defaultaktualnosci\/3327\/1\/48\/1\/bts-march-2021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Tarnawa, \u0141., and Peterlik, M. (2021, May 15). Raport bran\u017cowy. Analizy Sektorowe. 12 Kwietnia 2021. Dzia\u0142alno\u015b\u0107 Us\u0142ugowa Zwi\u0105zana z Wy\u017cywieniem (PKD 56). Available online: https:\/\/www.bosbank.pl\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0028\/34957\/BOSBank_Restauracje_2021.04.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102707","article-title":"Hospitality and tourism industry amid COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives on challenges and learnings from India","volume":"92","author":"Kaushal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, S.R., Farrokhnia, R.A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., and Yannelis, C. (2021, May 14). How Does Household Spending Respond to an Epidemic? Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Working Paper. Available online: https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26949.pdf.","DOI":"10.3386\/w26949"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"U.S. Travel Association (2021, May 07). The Great Travel Depression. Available online: https:\/\/www.ustravel.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_root\/document\/TravelDepression_FactSheet.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W.-K., Riantama, D., and Chen, L.-S. (2021). Using a Text Mining Approach to Hear Voices of Customers from Social Media toward the Fast-Food Restaurant Industry. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13010268"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1080\/1540496X.2021.1873129","article-title":"Government Fighting Pandemic, Stock Market Return, and COVID-19 Virus Outbreak","volume":"57","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Mark. Financ. Trade"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"European Parliament (2021, April 14). Covid-19 and the Tourism Sector. Available online: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/ATAG\/2020\/649368\/EPRS_ATA(2020)649368_EN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Obaidat, M.S., and Nicopolitidis, P. (2016). Smart Restaurants: Survey on Customer Demand and Sales Forecasting. Smart Cities and Homes. KeyEnabling Technologies, Morgan Kaufmann Publisher Inc.. Chapter 17."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.03.012","article-title":"Risk perceptions and health behavior","volume":"5","author":"Ferrer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garbe, L., Rau, R., and Toppe, T. (2020). Influence of Perceived Threat of Covid-19 and HEXACO Personality Traits on Toilet Paper Stock piling. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/eyur7"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Rodrigo, C., Gianzo Citores, M., Herv\u00e1s B\u00e1rbara, G., Ruiz-Litago, F., Casis S\u00e1enz, L., Arija, V., L\u00f3pez-Sobaler, A.M., Mart\u00ednez de Victoria, E., Ortega, R.M., and Partearroyo, T. (2021). Patterns of Change in Dietary Habits and Physical Activity during Lockdown in Spain Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020300"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agn073","article-title":"Alcohol abuse\/dependence symptoms among hospital employees exposed to a SARS outbreak","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.04.007","article-title":"The Dichotomous Effect of Chronic Stress on Obesity","volume":"27","author":"Razzoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, B., Benson, T., McCloat, A., Mooney, E., Elliott, C., Dean, M., and Lavelle, F. (2021). Changes in Consumers\u2019 Food Practices during the COVID-19 Lockdown, Implications for Diet Quality and the Food System: A Cross-Continental Comparison. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010020"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Androutsos, O., Perperidi, M., Georgiou, C., and Chouliaras, G. (2021). Lifestyle Changes and Determinants of Children\u2019s and Adolescents\u2019 Body Weight Increase during the First COVID-19 Lockdown in Greece: The COV-EAT Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030930"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dragun, R., Ve\u010dek, N.N., Marendi\u0107, M., Pribisali\u0107, A., \u0110ivi\u0107, G., Cena, H., Pola\u0161ek, O., and Kol\u010di\u0107, I. (2021). Have Lifestyle Habits and Psychological Well-Being Changed among Adolescents and Medical Students Due to COVID-19 Lockdown in Croatia?. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010097"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maffoni, S., Brazzo, S., De Giuseppe, R., Biino, G., Vietti, I., Pallavicini, C., and Cena, H. (2021). Lifestyle Changes and Body Mass Index during COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown: An Italian Online-Survey. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041117"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadler, J.R., Thapaliya, G., Jansen, E., Aghababian, A.H., Smith, K.R., and Carnell, S. (2021). COVID-19 Stress and Food Intake: Protective and Risk Factors for Stress-Related Palatable Food Intake in U.S. Adults. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030901"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-06-2020-0504","article-title":"COVID-19 and restaurant demand: Early effects of the pandemic and stay-at-home orders","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2020.1773416","article-title":"COVID-19 cripples global restaurant and hospitality industry","volume":"24","author":"Dube","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.06.008","article-title":"Safety of foods, food supply chain and environment within the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"102","author":"Rizou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348007299924","article-title":"Does food quality really matter in restaurants? Its impact on customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions","volume":"31","author":"Namkung","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2010.04.001","article-title":"Foodservice hygiene factors\u2013the consumer perspective","volume":"30","author":"Fatimah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"31","article-title":"Effects of Brand, price, and risk on customers\u2019 value perceptions and behavioral intentions in the restaurant industry","volume":"1","author":"Kwun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"547","article-title":"Factors driving consumer restaurant choice: An exploratory study from the Southeastern United States","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2017.07.005","article-title":"Understanding and projecting the restaurant scape: The influence of neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics on restaurant location","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2016.03.001","article-title":"The impact of social media reviews on restaurant performance: The moderating role of excellence certificate","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/15378020903158533","article-title":"How a natural disaster changed the face of the restaurant industry in Southern Mississippi: A Katrina story","volume":"12","author":"Becker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Foodserv. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"330","article-title":"Exploring the impacts of key economic indicators and economic recessions in the restaurant industry","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.5367\/te.2013.0250","article-title":"The income elasticity of demand and firm performance of US restaurant companies by restaurant type during recessions","volume":"19","author":"Koh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2013.04.003","article-title":"Econometric modeling of the US restaurant industry","volume":"34","author":"Reynolds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/15378020.2014.945891","article-title":"How do economic recessions affect the US restaurant industry?","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Foodserv. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2004.12.001","article-title":"Crisis management and recovery: How restaurants in Hong Kong responded to SARS","volume":"25","author":"Tse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2020.01.015","article-title":"Effects of epidemic disease outbreaks on financial performance of restaurants: Event study method approach","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2014.01.004","article-title":"Restaurant diners\u2019 self-protective behavior in response to an epidemic crisis","volume":"38","author":"Chuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, G.-Y., Lin, X.-L., Fang, A.-P., and Zhu, H.-L. (2021). Eating Habits and Lifestyles during the Initial Stage of COVID-19 Lockdown in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030970"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.018","article-title":"The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review","volume":"78","author":"Nicola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Baldwin, R., and Weder di Mauro, B. (2020). Mitigating the COVID Economic Crisis: Act Fast and Do Whatever It Takes, CEPR Press. Available online: https:\/\/voxeu.org\/content\/mitigating-covid-economic-crisis-act-fast-and-do-whatever-it-takes."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2021, July 30). COVID-19 Update: Germany to Give Easier Access to State-Funded Short-Time Working Allowance. JD Supra. 19 March 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/covid-19-update-germany-to-give-easier-36702."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1554","article-title":"The possible macroeconomic impact on the UK of an influenza pandemic","volume":"19","author":"Edmunds","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Econ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fanelli, R.M. (2021). Changes in the Food-Related Behaviour of Italian Consumers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10010169"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammar, A., Brach, M., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Masmoudi, L., Bouaziz, B., Bentlage, E., How, D., and Ahmed, M. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinementon Eating Behaviour and Physical Activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID 19 International Online Survey. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061583"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Moreno, M., L\u00f3pez, M.T.I., Miguel, M., and Garc\u00e9s-Rim\u00f3n, M. (2020). Physical and Psychological Effects Related to Food Habits and Lifestyle Changes Derived from Covid-19 Home Confinement in the Spanish Population. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113445"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02399-5","article-title":"Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: An Italian survey","volume":"18","author":"Gualtieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Roso, M.B., de Carvalho Padilha, P., Mantilla-Escalante, D.C., Ulloa, N., Brun, P., Acevedo-Correa, D., Arantes Ferreira Peres, W., Martorell, M., Aires, M.T., and de Oliveira Cardoso, L. (2020). Covid-19 Confinement and Changes of Adolescent\u2019s Dietary Trends in Italy, Spain, Chile, Colombia and Brazil. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061807"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celorio-Sard\u00e0, R., Comas-Bast\u00e9, O., Latorre-Moratalla, M.L., Zer\u00f3n-Rugerio, M.F., Urpi-Sarda, M., Ill\u00e1n-Villanueva, M., Farran-Codina, A., Izquierdo-Pulido, M., and Vidal-Carou, M.D.C. (2021). Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Dietary Habits and Life-style of Food Science Students and Professionals from Spain. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051494"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J., Ramos-Campo, D.J., Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Dalamitros, A.A., Nikolaidis, P.A., Horme\u00f1o-Holgado, A., and Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. (2021). Nutrition in the Actual COVID-19 Pandemic. A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061924"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Pozo de la Calle, S., Alonso Ledesma, I., Nu\u00f1ez, O., Castell\u00f3 Pastor, A., Lope Carvajal, V., Fern\u00e1ndez de Larrea Baz, N., P\u00e9rez-G\u00f3mez, B., Poll\u00e1n, M., and Ruiz Moreno, E. (2021). Composition and Nutritional Quality of the Diet in Spanish Households during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051443"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Detopoulou, P., Demopoulos, C.A., and Antonopoulou, S. (2021). Micronutrients, Phytochemicals and Mediterranean Diet: A Potential Protective Role against COVID-19 through Modulation of PAF Actions and Metabolism. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020462"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko\u0142ota, A., and G\u0142\u0105bska, D. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemic and Remote Education Contributes to Improved Nutritional Behaviors and Increased Screen Time in a Polish Population-Based Sample of Primary School Adolescents: Diet and Activity of Youth during COVID-19 (DAY-19) Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051596"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litton, M.M., and Beavers, A.W. (2021). The Relationship between Food Security Status and Fruit and Vegetable Intake during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030712"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Modrzejewska, A., Czepczor-Bernat, K., Modrzejewska, J., and Matusik, P. (2021). Eating Motives and Other Factors Predicting Emotional Overeating during COVID-19 in a Sample of Polish Adults. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051658"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monzani, A., Lionetti, E., Felici, E., Fransos, L., Azzolina, D., Rabbone, I., and Catassi, C. (2020). Adherence to the Gluten-Free Diet during the Lockdown for COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Survey of Italian Subjects with Celiac Disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113467"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skolmowska, D., G\u0142\u0105bska, D., and Guzek, D. (2021). Differences in Adolescents\u2019 Food Habits Checklist (AFHC) Scores before and during Pandemic in a Population-Based Sample: Polish Adolescents\u2019 COVID-19 Experience (PLACE-19) Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051663"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mialki, K., House, L.A., Mathews, A.E., and Shelnutt, K.P. (2021). Covid-19 and College Students: Food Security Status before and after the Onset of a Pandemic. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020628"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.03.014","article-title":"Estimation of effects of nationwide lockdown for containing coronavirus infection on worsening of glycosylated haemoglobin and increase in diabetes-related complications: A simulation model using multivariate regression analysis","volume":"14","author":"Ghosal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moscatelli, F., Sessa, F., Valenzano, A., Polito, R., Monda, V., Cibelli, G., Villano, I., Pisanelli, D., Perrella, M., and Daniele, A. (2021). COVID-19: Role of Nutrition and Supplementation. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030976"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czarniecka-Skubina, E., G\u00f3rska-Warsewicz, H., Laskowski, W., and Jeznach, M. (2019). Consumer choices and service quality in the university canteens in Warsaw, Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193699"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trafialek, J., Czarniecka-Skubina, E., Kulaitien\u00e9, J., and Vaitkevi\u010dien\u0117, N. (2020). Restaurant\u2019s Multidimensional Evaluation Concerning Food Quality, Service, and Sustainable Practices: A Cross-National Case Study of Poland and Lithuania. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12010234"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNutt, S., Zimmerman, T.P., and Colaiezzi, B. (2017). Computer-assisted dietary assessment methods. Advanced in the Assessment of Dietary Intake, CRC Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315152288-3"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509990638","article-title":"A review of the use of information and communication technologies for dietary assessment","volume":"101","author":"Ngo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eldridge, A.L., Piernas, C., Illner, A.-K., Gibney, M.J., Gurinovi\u0107, M.A., De Vries, J.H.M., and Cade, J.E. (2019). Evaluation of New Technology-Based Tools for Dietary Intake Assessment\u2014An ILSI Europe Dietary Intake and Exposure Task Force Evaluation. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010055"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.611.115","article-title":"Methodology and Application of the Kruskal-Wallis Test","volume":"611","author":"Ostertag","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/77.12.1755","article-title":"Learning and Understanding the Kruskal-Wallis One-Way Analysis-ofVariance-by-Ranks Test for Differences Among Three or More Independent Groups","volume":"77","author":"Chan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S2212-5671(12)00343-7","article-title":"Using Cluster Analysis Study to Examine the Successful Performance Entrepreneur in Indonesia","volume":"4","author":"Setyaningsih","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Econ. Financ."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.06.053","article-title":"A Review of Clustering Techniques and Developments","volume":"267","author":"Saxena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/00207233.2018.1560761","article-title":"The (un)sustainability of the land use practices and agricultural production in EU countries","volume":"76","author":"Fanelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0102","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2019171-13481","article-title":"A new classification of European Union regions: A decision support tool for policymakers","volume":"17","author":"Fanelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Span. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Stanisz, A. (2007). Przyst\u0119pny kurs Statystyki z Zastosowaniem Statistica Pl na Przyk\u0142adach z Medycyny. Tom 3. Analizy Wielowymiarowe, Statsoft Poland."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Aczel, A.D. (2012). Complete Business Statistics, Wohl Publishing Inc.. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"EFSA (2021, May 17). Coronavirus: No Evidence That Food Is a Source or Transmission Route. Available online: https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/news\/coronavirus-no-evidence-food-source-or-transmission-route."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"G\u0142\u00f3wny Inspektorat Sanitarny (2021, May 17). COVID-19 i Bezpiecze\u0144stwo \u017bywno\u015bci\u2014Wytyczne dla Przedsi\u0119biorstw Sektora Spo\u017cywczego\u2014Wytyczne Tymczasowe, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/gis\/covid-19-i-bezpieczenstwo-zywnosci-wytyczne-dla-przedsiebiorstw-sektora-spozywczego,WHO_2019_nCoV_Food_Safety_20201-pol-2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"European Commission, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety (2020). COVID-19 and Food Safety, Questions and Answers, European Commission Publisher. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/sites\/food\/files\/safety\/docs\/biosafety_crisis_covid19_qandas_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"WHO (2021, May 20). COVID-19 and Food Safety: Guidance for Food Businesses: Interim Guidance. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/covid-19-and-food-safety-guidance-for-food-businesses."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2021, May 10). Food Safety and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/foodsafety\/newsletter\/food-safety-and-Coronavirus.html."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raj, M., Sundararajan, A., and You, C. (2020). COVID-19 and Digital Resilience: Evidence from Uber Eats. arXiv.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3625638"},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Stewart, H., Blisard, N., Bhuyan, S., and Nayga, R. (2021, May 28). The Demand for Food Away from Home: Full-Service or Fast Food? United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Available online: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/webdocs\/publications\/41619\/15272_aer829_1_pdf?v=38.3."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102654","article-title":"COVID-19, aftermath, impacts, and hospitality firms: An international perspective","volume":"91","author":"Alonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2020.07.008","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on preferences for private dining facilities in restaurants","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-04-2020-0314","article-title":"COVID-19\u2032s impact on the hospitality workforce\u2013new crisis or amplification of the norm?","volume":"32","author":"Baum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.06.015","article-title":"Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research","volume":"117","author":"Sigala","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Liddle, A.J. (2021, May 18). An Early Look at the Impact of Coronavirus on Restaurant Sales. Nation\u2019s Restaurant News, Available online: https:\/\/www.nrn.com\/fast-casual\/early-look-impact-coronavirus-restaurant-sales."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"(2020). Covid-19 Impacts. Afr. Res. Bull., 57, 22951."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galanakis, C.M. (2020). The food systems in the era of the Coronavirus (COVID_19) pandemic crisis. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9040523"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/cjag.12241","article-title":"Economic thoughts on COVID-19 for Canadian food processors","volume":"68","author":"Hailu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"International Labor Organization (ILO) (2021, May 10). The Six-Step COVID-19 Business Continuity Plan. Available online: https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/actemp\/publications\/WCMS_740375\/lang\u2013en\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/cjag.12236","article-title":"Potential implications of COVID-19 on the Canadian pork industry","volume":"68","author":"McEwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/cjag.12240","article-title":"Economic thoughts of the potential implications of COVID-19 on the Canadian dair and poultry sectors","volume":"68","author":"Weersink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"16","article-title":"Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1","volume":"382","author":"Bushmaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Yannas, F. (2021, May 05). FDA\u2019s Perspective on Food Safety and Availability during and beyond COVID-19, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/conversations-experts-food-topics\/fdas-perspective-food-safety-and-availability-during-and-beyond-covid-19."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"OSHA (2021, May 10). Guidance on Preparing Workplaces for COVID-19. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Available online: https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/Publications\/OSHA3990.pdf."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozili, P.K., and Arun, T. (2021, May 28). Spillover of COVID-19: Impact on the Global Economy. Available online: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3562570.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3562570"},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Elitzak, H., and Okrent, A. (2021, August 01). New U.S. Food Expenditure Estimates Find Food-Awayfrom-Home Spending Is Higher Than Previous Estimates, Available online: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/amber-waves\/2018\/november\/new-u-s-food-expenditure-estimates-find-food-away-from-homespending-is-higher-than-previous-estimates."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2020.12.002","article-title":"Understanding Restaurant Healthfulness in Food Deserts","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, M.N., Greg\u00f3rio, M.J., Santos, R., Marques, A., Rodrigues, B., Godinho, C., Silva, C.S., Mendes, R., Gra\u00e7a, P., and Arriaga, M. (2021). Towards an In-Depth Understanding of Physical Activity and Eating Behaviours during COVID-19 Social Confinement: A Combined Approach from a Portuguese National Survey. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082685"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pujia, R., Ferro, Y., Maurotti, S., Khoory, J., Gazzaruso, C., Pujia, A., Montalcini, T., and Mazza, E. (2021). The Effects of COVID-19 on the Eating Habits of Children and Adolescents in Italy: A Pilot Survey Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082641"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez, E., D\u00edaz-Jimenez, J., Rosety, I., Alf\u00e9rez, M.J.M., D\u00edaz, A.J., Rosety, M.A., Ordonez, F.J., and Rosety-Rodriguez, M. (2021). Perceived Stress and Increased Food Consumption during the \u2018ThirdWave\u2019 of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072380"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Leyva, D., and Pierce, G.N. (2021). The Impact of Nutrition on the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Nutrition. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061752"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niles, M.T., Bertmann, F., Belarmino, E.H., Wentworth, T., Biehl, E., and Neff, R. (2020). The Early Food Insecurity Impacts of COVID-19. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.09.20096412"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22996","article-title":"Food Insecurity, the Home Food Environment, and Parent Feeding Practices in the Era of COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bin Zarah, A., Enriquez-Marulanda, J., and Andrade, J.M. (2020). Relationship between Dietary Habits, Food Attitudes and Food Security Status among Adults Living within the United States Three Months Post-Mandated Quarantine: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113468"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skotnicka, M., Karwowska, K., K\u0142obukowski, F., Wasilewska, E., and Ma\u0142gorzewicz, S. (2021). Dietary Habits before and during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Selected European Countries. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051690"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/8\/2760\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:44:17Z","timestamp":1760165057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/8\/2760"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13082760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13082760","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]}}}