{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:57:34Z","timestamp":1791669454677,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Micronutrient malnutrition is a form of undernutrition that causes diseases, and this is mainly due to insufficient intake of nutrients in daily foods. The status of micronutrients for people in Sudan remains scarce, and information is limited. The aim of this study is to highlight the status of micronutrients among women of reproductive age (15\u201349 years of age) and their children in Sudan. Methods: This manuscript is a quantitative descriptive study, based on the data from Sudan Micronutrient Survey (SMS); it is part of the second round of the Simple Spatial Survey Method (S3M II) in Sudan (a total of 93,882 households). Results: The level of consumption of vitamin A-rich foods was found to be moderate at 67.36% for reproductive-age women and low at 23.44% for under-five children. Similarly, consumption rate of vitamin B-rich foods among reproductive-age women was 62.13%, and low for children at 11.02%. The consumption of iron-, calcium-, and zinc-rich foods was moderate among women (66.75%, 47.69%, 69.72%, respectively) and very low in children (12.28%, 17.62%, 14.99%, respectively). The iron deficiency prevalence was 47% in non-pregnant women, 58% in pregnant women, and 54% in children. The prevalence of anemia was 30% in non-pregnant women, 37% in pregnant women, and 48% in children. Generally, urinary iodine concentration was inadequate in lactating and non-pregnant women as well as in pregnant women. Most indicators of micronutrients in Sudan for children and women of reproductive age were highly significant. Sudan needs more efforts to create an enabling environment through legislation, policies, and strategies to strengthen the nutrition-sensitive and specific interventions and improving status of micronutrients among women and children, focusing on food fortification, food supplements, and counseling on micronutrients intake for mothers during antenatal and postnatal services as well as raising community awareness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1629067887000},"page":"2784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Assessment of Micronutrient Situation among Reproductive-Age Women (15\u201349) and Under-Five Children in Sudan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Eiman S. elkhalifahassan","family":"Swareldhab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum 11111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7387-8277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayoub","family":"Al-Jawaldeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (EMRO), Cairo 7608, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Baseer","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO), Khartoum 11111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira M. Elmunier","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO), Khartoum 11111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8772-2134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abu-Manga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum 11111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Al-Areeqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Specialist, Sana\u2019a, Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8414-4129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fekri","family":"Dureab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Hospital University Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Research in International Assistance, Akkon Hochschule, 12099 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0429-6","article-title":"Dietary micronutrient intakes among women of reproductive age in Mumbai slums","volume":"73","author":"Nunn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"UNICEF (2019). The State of the World\u2019s Children Report 2019. Children Food and Nutrition: Growing Well in a Changing World, United Nations Children\u2019s Fund."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO, WFP, and UNICEF (2007). Preventing and Controlling Micronutrient Deficiencies in Populations Affected by an Emergency, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000371618","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Global Micronutrient Deficiencies","volume":"66","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000365","article-title":"Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition in low-income settings: What\u2019s new?","volume":"20","author":"Vaivada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1090","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30371-6","article-title":"Modifiers of the effect of maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation on stillbirth, birth outcomes, and infant mortality: A meta-analysis of individual patient data from 17 randomised trials in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70001-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995\u20132011: A systematic analysis of population-representative data","volume":"1","author":"Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devakumar, D., Fall, C.H., Sachdev, H.S., Margetts, B.M., Osmond, C., Wells, J.C., Costello, A., and Osrin, D. (2016). Maternal antenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation for long-term health benefits in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0633-3"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Manga, M., Al-Jawaldeh, A., Qureshi, A.B., Ali, A.M.E., Pizzol, D., and Dureab, F. (2021). Nutrition Assessment of Under-Five Children in Sudan: Tracking the Achievement of the Global Nutrition Targets. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8050363"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31364-7","article-title":"The double burden of malnutrition\u2014Further perspective","volume":"396","author":"Osendarp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2319","article-title":"Micronutrients Dietary Intakes of Pregnant Sudanese Women","volume":"4","author":"Shommo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/0260106012467244","article-title":"Dietary intake of Sudanese women: A comparative assessment of nutrient intake of displaced and non-displaced women","volume":"21","author":"Nyuar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"FMOH (2020). Simple Spatial Survey Method (S3M II) Sudan Micronutrient Survey Report. SNational Nutrition Program, Federal Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Primary Health Care."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"FMOH (2021, January 02). Simple Spatial Survey Method (S3M II) for Sudan\u20142018. Available online: https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/simple-spatial-survey-method-s3m-ii-for-sudan-2018."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692010000200016","article-title":"Food Consumption and Iron Intake of Pregnant and Reproductive Aged Women","volume":"18","author":"Sato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Lat. Am. De Enferm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, S.A., Abbasi, Z., Shahid, B., Moin, G., Hambidge, K.M., Krebs, N.F., Westcott, J.E., McClure, E.M., Goldenberg, R.L., and Saleem, S. (2020). Prevalence and determinants of anemia among women of reproductive age in Thatta Pakistan: Findings from a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239320"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.192372","article-title":"Anemia and its determinants among women of reproductive age of a slum in Kolkata: A focus group discussion among health workers in a slum of Kolkata","volume":"5","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-038X.1000187","article-title":"Iron Deficiency Anemia among Women of Reproductive Age, an Important Public Health Problem: Situation Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Mawani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Syst. Sex Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamnok, J., Sanchaisuriya, K., Sanchaisuriya, P., Fucharoen, G., Fucharoen, S., and Ahmed, F. (2020). Factors associated with anaemia and iron deficiency among women of reproductive age in Northeast Thailand: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8248-1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.181","article-title":"Multicausal etiology of anemia among women of reproductive age in Vietnam","volume":"69","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"11","article-title":"The prevalence of anemia among pregnant women at booking in Enugu, South Eastern Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Dim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Medscape Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"561567","article-title":"Prevalence of Anemia and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in an Urban Area of Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"2014","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anemia"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"184","article-title":"In All Candour: Taking Off the Mask","volume":"1","author":"Bradley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nutr. Pharmacol. Neurol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0560","article-title":"Determinants of Anemia among Preschool Children in Rural, Western Kenya","volume":"88","author":"Foote","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32506-1","article-title":"Double-duty actions: Seizing programme and policy opportunities to address malnutrition in all its forms","volume":"395","author":"Hawkes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"WHO (2021, January 13). Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Policy Brief Series. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-NMH-NHD-14.2."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"WHO (2021, February 21). The Global Nutrition Targets: Tracking Tool. 50% Reduction of Anemia in Women of Reproductive Age 2021. Available online: https:\/\/extranet.who.int\/nhdtargets\/en\/Anaemia."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"431","article-title":"Iodized salt consumption in Sudan: Present status and future directions","volume":"30","author":"Mahfouz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012000833","article-title":"Iodine status and fish intake of Sudanese schoolchildren living in the Red Sea and White Nile regions","volume":"15","author":"Hussein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/8\/2784\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:45:49Z","timestamp":1760165149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/8\/2784"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13082784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13082784","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]}}}