{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:15:00Z","timestamp":1790054100220,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aims of this study were to evaluate: (1) associations of vitamin D with the presence\/severity of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) and (2) correlations of vitamin D with thyroid-related phenotypes. Total 25(OH)D (vitamin D in the text) was measured from stored serum samples of 461 HT patients and 176 controls from a Croatian Biobank of HT patients (CROHT). (1) Vitamin D levels, and proportions of vitamin D deficiency, were compared between HT cases and controls. HT patients were additionally divided into two groups (MILD and OVERT) to take into account HT severity. (2) Correlations between vitamin D and 10 clinical phenotypes in all HT patients and two subgroups of HT patients were tested using the Spearman correlation test. Our analyses were adjusted for age, gender, BMI, smoking status and seasonality of blood sampling. (1) No significant differences in vitamin D levels, or proportions of vitamin D deficiency, were detected between HT patients of all disease stages and controls. However, a nominally significant difference in vitamin D levels between MILD and OVERT subgroups (OR = 1.038, p = 0.023) was observed. Proportions of individuals with vitamin D deficiency during winter\u2013spring were high: all HT cases (64.69%), MILD (60.64%), OVERT (68.7%), controls (60.79%). (2) A nominally significant negative correlation between vitamin D and TSH in all HT patients (r = \u22120.113, p = 0.029) and a positive correlation between vitamin D and systolic blood pressure in OVERT HT patients (r = 0.205, p = 0.025) were identified. Our study indicates that there is no association between vitamin D and HT; however, there may be a subtle decrease in vitamin D levels associated with overt hypothyroidism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1629067887000},"page":"2793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Vitamin D and Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis: Observations from CROHT Biobank"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maja","family":"Cvek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2348-3239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dean","family":"Kali\u010danin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Bari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Vuleti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7056-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Gunja\u010da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesela","family":"Torlak Lovri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veselin","family":"\u0160krabi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ante","family":"Punda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3999-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesna","family":"Boraska Perica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9406-3","article-title":"Sunshine vitamin and thyroid","volume":"18","author":"Nettore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sassi, F., Tamone, C., and D\u2019Amelio, P. (2018). Vitamin D: Nutrient, Hormone, and Immunomodulator. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111656"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.265","article-title":"Vitamin D and thyroid disease: To D or not to D?","volume":"69","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mele, C., Caputo, M., Bisceglia, A., Sam\u00e0, M.T., Zavattaro, M., Aimaretti, G., Pagano, L., Prodam, F., and Marzullo, P. (2020). Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D in Thyroid Diseases. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051444"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"352","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Function of Vitamin D and Its Role in Auto-immune Thyroid Disease","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933083","article-title":"Vitamin D and Thyroid Diseases","volume":"64","author":"Vondra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01123-5","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D and its potential role in the prevention and treatment of thyroid autoimmunity: A narrative review","volume":"43","author":"Gallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowal\u00f3wka, M., G\u0142\u00f3wka, A.K., Kara\u017aniewicz-\u0141ada, M., and Kosewski, G. (2020). Clinical Significance of Analysis of Vitamin D Status in Various Diseases. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092788"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R27","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0432","article-title":"Vitamin D testing and treatment: A narrative review of current evidence","volume":"8","author":"Pilz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1773","article-title":"Update in vitamin D","volume":"95","author":"Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2014.55.2.476","article-title":"Low Serum Vitamin D Is Associated with Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody in Autoimmune Thyroiditis","volume":"55","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.120873","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: Pandemic?","volume":"103","author":"Cashman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.007","article-title":"Hashimoto thyroiditis: Clinical and diagnostic criteria","volume":"13","author":"Caturegli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9703-2","article-title":"The incidence and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"42","author":"McLeod","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2014.12.015","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmunity as a window to autoimmunity: An explanation for sex differences in the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"375","author":"Merrill","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401282","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis: History and Future Outlook","volume":"12","author":"Hiromatsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.2174\/138920211798120763","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis: From Genes to the Disease","volume":"12","author":"Zaletel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04318.x","article-title":"Twin studies as a model for exploring the aetiology of autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"76","author":"Brix","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2015.1065828","article-title":"Genes and Environment as Predisposing Factors in Autoimmunity: Acceleration of Spontaneous Thyroiditis by Dietary Iodide in NOD.H2(h4) Mice","volume":"34","author":"Kolypetri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Iodine nutrition and thyroid diseases","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-5","article-title":"Viruses and thyroiditis: An update","volume":"6","author":"Desailloud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.09.001","article-title":"Environmental triggers of autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"33","author":"Burek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"51","article-title":"A concise review of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and the importance of iodine, selenium, vitamin D and gluten on the autoimmunity and dietary management of HT patients: Points that need more investigation","volume":"20","author":"Liontiris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hell. J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2009.0200","article-title":"Relative vitamin D insufficiency in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"21","author":"Tamer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297658","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1297658","article-title":"Selenium and Thyroid Disease: From Pathophysiology to Treatment","volume":"2017","author":"Ventura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509220824","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relationship with thyroid autoimmunity in Asian Indians: A community-based survey","volume":"102","author":"Goswami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00004","article-title":"Correlation Between Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis-Related Thyroid Hormone Levels and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"11","author":"Chao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01991-w","article-title":"Serum 25-hydoxyvitamin D concentrations in relation to Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of observational studies","volume":"59","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0166","article-title":"Vitamin D in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and its relationship with thyroid function and inflammatory status","volume":"65","author":"Botelho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0048","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is not associated with early stages of thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"167","author":"Effraimidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2017.029","article-title":"No Association between 25 (OH) Vitamin D Level and Hypothyroidism among Females","volume":"5","author":"Musa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.4158\/EP15934.OR","article-title":"Hashimoto Thyroiditis not Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency","volume":"22","author":"Yasmeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"567","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis suggests novel loci for Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"42","author":"Brekalo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58457-x","article-title":"AATF and SMARCA2 are associated with thyroid volume in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis patients","volume":"10","author":"Benzon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2003297","article-title":"Geographical differences in vitamin D status, with particular reference to European coun-tries","volume":"62","author":"Ovesen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e045564","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045564","article-title":"Cohort profile: The Westlake BioBank for Chinese (WBBC) pilot project","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0671-5","article-title":"Influence of vitamin D levels on the cardiovascular profile of hypogonadal men","volume":"40","author":"Tirabassi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1039\/c9pp00372j","article-title":"Association between solar ultraviolet doses and vitamin D clinical routine data in European mid-latitude population between 2006 and 2018","volume":"18","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-0427-7","article-title":"Determination of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status among population in southern China by a high accuracy LC-MS\/MS method traced to reference measurement procedure","volume":"17","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2021.24.2.207","article-title":"Seasonal Changes in Vitamin D Levels of Healthy Children in Mid-Latitude, Asian Urban Area","volume":"24","author":"Won","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000356507","article-title":"2013 ETA Guideline: Management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism","volume":"2","author":"Pearce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1070506","article-title":"Volumetric analysis of thyroid lobes by real-time ultrasound","volume":"106","author":"Brunn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.008","article-title":"Is vitamin D a player or not in the pathophysiology of autoimmune thyroid diseases?","volume":"14","author":"Villalta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.14310\/horm.2002.1674","article-title":"Vitamin D levels in a large Mediterranean cohort: Reconsidering normal cut-off values","volume":"15","author":"Katrinaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.2011","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency and Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis in Children and Adolescents: A Critical Vitamin D Level for This Association?","volume":"7","author":"Acar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"385","article-title":"Low vitamin D status is associated with hypothyroid Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2010.73","article-title":"Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"8","author":"Kivity","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0001","article-title":"High Vitamin D Status in Younger Individuals Is Associated with Low Circulating Thyrotropin","volume":"23","author":"Chailurkit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"16","article-title":"Association of high vitamin d status with low circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone independent of thyroid hormone levels in middle-aged and elderly males","volume":"631819","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-014-0290-9","article-title":"TSH levels are associated with vitamin D status and seasonality in an adult population of euthyroid adults","volume":"15","author":"Barchetta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2017-0058","article-title":"Seasonal Variation of Vitamin D and Serum Thyrotropin Levels and Its Relationship in a Euthyroid Caucasian Population","volume":"24","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"20170165","article-title":"Correlation between vitamin D and blood pressure in adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Giannini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203720666190807130504","article-title":"Vitamin D and Vitamin D Receptor: New Insights in the Treatment of Hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/8\/2793\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:46:23Z","timestamp":1760165183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/8\/2793"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13082793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13082793","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]}}}