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However, the role of high plasma galectin-3 levels as an indicator of protein-energy wasting (PEW) in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis remains unclear. This study included 240 hemodialysis patients (64.5 [55.3\u221274.0] years, 35.8% women) from a tertiary medical center. A baseline assessment of demographic and clinical data, biochemical parameters, and body composition was conducted. Plasma galectin-3 and other biomarkers were measured using a multiplex bead-based immunoassay. Participants were then divided into two subgroups depending on the median value of plasma galectin-3. Malnutrition was identified using the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) and the criteria of the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism. Independent risk factors for elevated plasma galectin-3 and malnutrition were identified by multivariate logistic regression. The high galectin-3 group was more likely to be older, have lower lean tissue mass and GNRI scores, be diagnosed with PEW, dialyze through a tunneled catheter, and have higher circulating IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and MCP-1 concentrations than the low galectin-3 group. After multivariate adjustment, only low mean arterial pressure, dialyzing with tunneled cuffed catheters, and elevated systemic inflammatory markers correlated with high galectin-3 levels. Plasma galectin-3 concentrations also increased significantly in hemodialysis patients with PEW. However, compared with other commonly used nutritional indicators, galectin-3 did not show superiority in predicting PEW. Although the plasma galectin-3 levels correlated with PEW severity, this correlation disappeared after adjustment for potential confounding variables (OR, 1.000; 95% CI, 0.999\u20131.001). In conclusion, plasma galectin-3 is a valuable biomarker for systemic inflammation but is less prominent for PEW in patients with maintenance hemodialysis. Further identification of novel biomarkers is required to detect patients at risk for malnutrition and implement appropriate interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T21:27:45Z","timestamp":1629149265000},"page":"2803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Relationship between Circulating Galectin-3, Systemic Inflammation, and Protein-Energy Wasting in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8597-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Tsun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo-Ming","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huan-Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6940-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Cheng","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6314-8788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Hua","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9899-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3017-3714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruey-Bing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9017-2081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Der-Cherng","family":"Tarng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, 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