{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:02:43Z","timestamp":1792062163574,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Danone S.p.A","award":["1_2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1_2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of phytosterols (or plant sterols) for the control of plasma cholesterol concentrations has recently gained traction because their efficacy is acknowledged by scientific authorities and leading guidelines. Phytosterols, marketed as supplements or functional foods, are formally classified as food in the European Union, are freely available for purchase, and are frequently used without any health professional advice; therefore, they are often self-prescribed, either inappropriately or in situations in which no significant advantage can be obtained. For this reason, a panel of experts with diverse medical and scientific backgrounds was convened by NFI\u2014Nutrition Foundation of Italy\u2014to critically evaluate and summarize the literature available on the topic, with the goal of providing medical doctors and all health professionals useful information to actively govern the use of phytosterols in the context of plasma cholesterol control. Some practical indications to help professionals identify subjects who will most likely benefit from the use of these products, optimizing the therapeutic outcomes, are also provided. The panel concluded that the use of phytosterols as supplements or functional foods to control Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels should be preceded by the assessment of some relevant individual characteristics: cardiovascular risk, lipid profile, correct understanding of how to use these products, and willingness to pay for the treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T21:27:45Z","timestamp":1629149265000},"page":"2810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":191,"title":["Phytosterols, Cholesterol Control, and Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Poli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Foundation of Italy, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3590-2330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franca","family":"Marangoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Foundation of Italy, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-9482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Corsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS MultiMedica, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enzo","family":"Manzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Marrocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FIMMG\u2014Italian Federation of General Medicine Doctors and SIMPeSV\u2013Italian Society of Preventive and Lifestyle Medicine, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8298-926X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Medea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SIMG\u2014Italian Society of General Medicine, 50142 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1756-1723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Visioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"IMDEA-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.07.019","article-title":"The position of functional foods and supplements with a serum LDL-C lowering effect in the spectrum ranging from universal to care-related CVD risk management","volume":"311","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.05.015","article-title":"Nutraceuticals and functional foods for the control of plasma cholesterol levels. 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