{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:35:04Z","timestamp":1787909704311,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":452,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19\/14465-1; 19\/10274-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/14465-1; 19\/10274-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304514\/2018-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304514\/2018-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#8887.373113\/2019-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#8887.373113\/2019-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, has been increasing worldwide. Changes in dietary and physical activity patterns, along with genetic conditions, are the main factors that modulate the metabolism of individuals, leading to the development of NCDs. Obesity, diabetes, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are classified in this group of chronic diseases. Therefore, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of these diseases leads us to develop more accurate and effective treatments to reduce or mitigate their prevalence in the population. Given the global relevance of NCDs and ongoing research progress, this article reviews the current understanding about NCDs and their related risk factors, with a focus on obesity, diabetes, MAFLD, and CVDs, summarizing the knowledge about their pathophysiology and highlighting the currently available and emerging therapeutic strategies, especially pharmacological interventions. All of these diseases play an important role in the contamination by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as in the progression and severity of the symptoms of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, we briefly explore the relationship between NCDs and COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T01:54:06Z","timestamp":1629251646000},"page":"2830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Multifactorial Basis and Therapeutic Strategies in Metabolism-Related Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6800-4425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o V. S.","family":"Guerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia\u2014R. Giuseppe M\u00e1ximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0246-8884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marieli M. G.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia\u2014R. Giuseppe M\u00e1ximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna J. V. C.","family":"Brilhante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia\u2014R. Giuseppe M\u00e1ximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4046-3352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maiara F.","family":"Terra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia\u2014R. Giuseppe M\u00e1ximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7238-9498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ar\u00e9valo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia\u2014R. Giuseppe M\u00e1ximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7023-8490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Carolina M.","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia\u2014R. Giuseppe M\u00e1ximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, October 10). World Health Organization. Available online: www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, August 12). Global Health Estimates 2016, Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000\u20132016. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/global_burden_disease\/GHE2016_Deaths_WBInc_2000_2016.xls."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2019.15.35","article-title":"Impact of Physical Exercise on Gut Microbiome Inflammation the Pathobiology of Metabolic, Disorders","volume":"15","author":"Sohail","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Diabet Stud."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00485","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Hormone-Based Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016, a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet, 390, 2627\u20132642."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2016). Collaboration NCDRF: Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980, a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. Lancet, 387, 1513\u20131530."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: Trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2021, January 28). Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients Dying in Italy. Available online: https:\/\/www.epicentro.iss.it\/en\/coronavirus\/bollettino\/ReportCOVID-2019_29_april_2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2021, January 28). III IdSC: Informe COVID-19 n\u00ba 28. 04 de Mayo de 2020. Informe Sobre la Situaci\u00f3n de COVID-19 en Espa\u00f1a. Available online: https:\/\/www.isciii.es\/QueHacemos\/Servicios\/VigilanciaSaludPublicaRENAVE\/EnfermedadesTransmisibles\/Paginas\/-COVID-19.-Informes-previos.aspx."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2020). The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 41, 145\u2013151."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","article-title":"Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area","volume":"323","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"450","article-title":"[Clinical characteristics outcomes of 112 cardiovascular disease patients infected by 2019-nCoV]","volume":"48","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31067-9","article-title":"Prevention control of non-communicable diseases in the COVID-19, response","volume":"395","author":"Kluge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.06.001","article-title":"Weight Loss Strategies for Treatment of Obesity: Lifestyle Management and Pharmacotherapy","volume":"61","author":"Kushner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-9025","article-title":"Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: A consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: A consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Nathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suliburska, J., Skrypnik, K., Szulinska, M., Kupsz, J., Markuszewski, L., and Bogdanski, P. (2018). Diuretics, Ca-Antagonists, and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Affect Zinc Status in Hypertensive Patients on Monotherapy: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091284"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0104-9","article-title":"Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies","volume":"24","author":"Friedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530319666181217123357","article-title":"Multi-Target Drugs Against Metabolic Disorders","volume":"19","author":"Scotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug. Targets"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110615","article-title":"Obesity: A preventable, treatable, but relapsing disease","volume":"71","author":"Romano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.09.005","article-title":"The epidemiology of obesity","volume":"92","author":"Chooi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.9.875","article-title":"Obesity and mortality: Watch your waist, not just your weight","volume":"167","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.05.024","article-title":"Elevated blood pressure, cardiometabolic risk and target organ damage in youth with overweight and obesity","volume":"30","author":"Pacifico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0576-8","article-title":"Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in children and adolescents with overweight\/obesity","volume":"40","author":"Pacifico","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.10.007","article-title":"Uric acid, impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in youth with overweight and obesity","volume":"31","author":"Valerio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19430","article-title":"The use of measures of obesity in childhood for predicting obesity and the development of obesity-related diseases in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Simmonds","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503840","article-title":"Body-Mass Index in 2.3 Million Adolescents and Cardiovascular Death in Adulthood","volume":"374","author":"Twig","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Church, T.S., Thomas, D.M., Tudor-Locke, C., Katzmarzyk, P.T., Earnest, C.P., Rodarte, R.Q., Martin, C.K., Blair, S.N., and Bouchard, C. (2011). Trends over 5 decades in U.S. occupation-related physical activity and their associations with obesity. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019657"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60813-1","article-title":"The global obesity pandemic: Shaped by global drivers and local environments","volume":"378","author":"Swinburn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.09.002","article-title":"Transgenerational inheritance of prenatal obesogen exposure","volume":"398","author":"Janesick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-012-9567-5","article-title":"Genetic and environmental transmission of body mass index fluctuation","volume":"42","author":"Bergin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2012.00029","article-title":"Variability in the heritability of body mass index: A systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"3","author":"Elks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14177","article-title":"Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology","volume":"518","author":"Locke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14132","article-title":"New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution","volume":"518","author":"Shungin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0214","article-title":"Heterozygosity for a POMC-null mutation and increased obesity risk in humans","volume":"55","author":"Farooqi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06098","article-title":"Glucose sensing by POMC neurons regulates glucose homeostasis and is impaired in obesity","volume":"449","author":"Parton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.09.016","article-title":"Peripheral mechanisms in appetite regulation","volume":"148","author":"Camilleri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.008","article-title":"The hunger genes: Pathways to obesity","volume":"161","author":"Farooqi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2015.03.005","article-title":"Ghrelin","volume":"4","author":"Muller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170910","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20170910","article-title":"Obesity body weight regulation the brain: Insights from, fMRI","volume":"91","author":"Makaronidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021113-170404","article-title":"The role of gut hormone peptide YY in energy and glucose homeostasis: Twelve years on","volume":"76","author":"Manning","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2008.01848.x","article-title":"Is adiposopathy (sick fat) an endocrine disease?","volume":"62","author":"Bays","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21377","article-title":"Adipose tissue fibrosis, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia: Correlations with diabetes in human obesity","volume":"24","author":"Muir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2017","article-title":"Impaired Adipogenesis and Dysfunctional Adipose Tissue in Human Hypertrophic Obesity","volume":"98","author":"Hammarstedt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000481519","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Dependent Modulation of Energy Metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Heiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Innate. Immun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0897-4_14","article-title":"Microbiota, inflammation and obesity","volume":"817","author":"Sanz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/27376","article-title":"Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals","volume":"395","author":"Friedman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2010.08.002","article-title":"Obesity and leptin resistance: Distinguishing cause from effect","volume":"21","author":"Myers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"56","author":"Cani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0767","article-title":"Adipocyte death, adipose tissue remodeling, and obesity complications","volume":"56","author":"Strissel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1964","article-title":"CD8+ effector T cells contribute to macrophage recruitment and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity","volume":"15","author":"Nishimura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.114","article-title":"Adaptive immunity in obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"8","author":"Sell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.198614","article-title":"Natural killer T cells are involved in adipose tissues inflammation and glucose intolerance in diet-induced obese mice","volume":"30","author":"Ohmura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/13813450802181047","article-title":"Insulin resistance associated to obesity: The link TNF-alpha","volume":"114","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"181","article-title":"Implication of inflammatory signaling pathways in obesity-induced insulin resistance","volume":"3","author":"Tanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01145.x","article-title":"Inflammation links excess fat to insulin resistance: The role of the interleukin-1 family","volume":"249","author":"Tack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23280","article-title":"Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Biochemical, metabolic, and clinical implications","volume":"51","author":"Fabbrini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, G.M., Danaei, G., Farzadfar, F., Stevens, G.A., Woodward, M., Wormser, D., Kaptoge, S., Whitlock, G., Qiao, Q., and Lewington, S. (2013). The age-specific quantitative effects of metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: A pooled analysis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065174"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05487","article-title":"Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease","volume":"444","author":"Mertens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803715","article-title":"The impact of obesity on the musculoskeletal system","volume":"32","author":"Anandacoomarasamy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2006.00251.x","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders associated with obesity: A biomechanical perspective","volume":"7","author":"Wearing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2017.00216","article-title":"Obesity and Cancer Metabolism: A Perspective on Interacting Tumor-Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors","volume":"7","author":"Doerstling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.94","article-title":"Obesity and cancer--mechanisms underlying tumour progression and recurrence","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.15.1617","article-title":"The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering: Prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999\u20132004)","volume":"168","author":"Wildman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e318222f0d4","article-title":"Central obesity in the elderly is related to late-onset Alzheimer disease","volume":"26","author":"Luchsinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000094586","article-title":"Obesity, abdominal obesity and Alzheimer disease","volume":"22","author":"Razay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12551","article-title":"Obesity: A chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation","volume":"18","author":"Bray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.2.187","article-title":"Years of life lost due to obesity","volume":"289","author":"Fontaine","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"646","article-title":"Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions","volume":"81","author":"Woolf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2016.07.003","article-title":"The interface of depression and obesity","volume":"11","author":"Jantaratnotai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2","article-title":"Overweight, obesity, and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"67","author":"Luppino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S148392","article-title":"Obesity and brain illness: From cognitive and psychological evidences to obesity paradox","volume":"10","author":"Monda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.03.017","article-title":"Pathways linking obesity to neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"66","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2020.08.018","article-title":"Best Practices in the Management of Overweight and Obesity","volume":"105","author":"Tchang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2017.08.006","article-title":"Guideline Recommendations for Obesity Management","volume":"102","author":"Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681100500125","article-title":"HEALTH: Efficacy of an internet\/population-based behavioral weight management program for the U.S. Army","volume":"5","author":"Stewart","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3415","article-title":"Pharmacological management of obesity: An endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"100","author":"Apovian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0176-8","article-title":"Obesity: Global epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Bluher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017001653","article-title":"Effects of psychological eating behaviour domains on the association between socio-economic status and BMI","volume":"20","author":"Loffler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161365.GL","article-title":"Reviewers of the AACEOCPG: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines for Medical Care of Patients with Obesity","volume":"3","author":"Garvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Pract."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17034","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.34","article-title":"Obesity","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2014). American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines OEP: Executive summary: Guidelines (2013) for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Obesity Society published by the Obesity Society and American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Based on a systematic review from the The Obesity Expert Panel, 2013. Obesity, 22, S5\u2013S39.","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20821"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2016.04.009","article-title":"The Role of Macronutrient Content in the Diet for Weight Management","volume":"45","author":"Bray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"7","article-title":"Dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet and obesity: A cross-sectional study of Iranian children and adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Mohammadifard","year":"2017","journal-title":"ARYA Atheroscler."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Innocenzo, S., Biagi, C., and Lanari, M. (2019). Obesity and the Mediterranean Diet: A Review of Evidence of the Role and Sustainability of the Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061306"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513002778","article-title":"A new dietary strategy for long-term treatment of the metabolic syndrome is compared with the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines: The MEtabolic Syndrome REduction in NAvarra (RESMENA) project","volume":"111","author":"Abete","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cantero, I., Abete, I., Monreal, J.I., Martinez, J.A., and Zulet, M.A. (2017). Fruit Fiber Consumption Specifically Improves Liver Health Status in Obese Subjects under Energy Restriction. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070667"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6903","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14046903","article-title":"Beneficial effects of the RESMENA dietary pattern on oxidative stress in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome with hyperglycemia are associated to dietary TAC and fruit consumption","volume":"14","author":"Celada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.10.005","article-title":"Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes","volume":"39","author":"Mattson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-018-0308-9","article-title":"Intermittent Fasting: Is the Wait Worth the Weight?","volume":"7","author":"Stockman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28380","article-title":"Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: A novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults","volume":"90","author":"Varady","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"e96","article-title":"Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"135","author":"Ard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.004","article-title":"2013 AHA\/ACC\/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society","volume":"63","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181949333","article-title":"Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults","volume":"41","author":"Donnelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00137.2005","article-title":"Role of physical activity in preventing and treating obesity","volume":"99","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.07.014","article-title":"The Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity on Weight Loss and Maintenance","volume":"61","author":"Swift","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1616338","article-title":"Aerobic or Resistance Exercise, or Both, in Dieting Obese Older Adults","volume":"376","author":"Villareal","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.272443","article-title":"Role of Physical Activity and Exercise in Treating Patients with Overweight and Obesity","volume":"64","author":"Jakicic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1159\/000430801","article-title":"2014 EASO Position Statement on the Use of Anti-Obesity Drugs","volume":"8","author":"Toplak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.12.049","article-title":"Practical Use of Pharmacotherapy for Obesity","volume":"152","author":"Igel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2396(20010101)39:1<32::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin","volume":"39","author":"Rothman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(00)00452-4","article-title":"Influence of topiramate in the regulation of energy balance","volume":"16","author":"Richard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802783","article-title":"A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of the long-term efficacy and safety of topiramate in the treatment of obese subjects","volume":"28","author":"Wilding","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1R779","article-title":"New obesity agents: Lorcaserin and phentermine\/topiramate","volume":"47","author":"Fleming","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-516X.157177","article-title":"Phentermine-topiramate: First combination drug for obesity","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Basic Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60205-5","article-title":"Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): A randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"377","author":"Gadde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.024927","article-title":"Two-year sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits with controlled-release phentermine\/topiramate in obese and overweight adults (SEQUEL): A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 extension study","volume":"95","author":"Garvey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00763.x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of naltrexone and acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: A systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Bouza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.461","article-title":"Rational design of a combination medication for the treatment of obesity","volume":"17","author":"Greenway","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.6.9.1249","article-title":"Bupropion: Pharmacology and therapeutic applications","volume":"6","author":"Foley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00435.2005","article-title":"Acute dopamine\/norepinephrine reuptake inhibition increases brain and core temperature in rats","volume":"99","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60888-4","article-title":"Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"376","author":"Greenway","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.03.009","article-title":"Short-term administration of the GLP-1 analog liraglutide decreases circulating leptin and increases GIP levels and these changes are associated with alterations in CNS responses to food cues: A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study","volume":"65","author":"Farr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13827","article-title":"Longer-term liraglutide administration at the highest dose approved for obesity increases reward-related orbitofrontal cortex activation in response to food cues: Implications for plateauing weight loss in response to anti-obesity therapies","volume":"21","author":"Farr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411892","article-title":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management","volume":"373","author":"Astrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.162","article-title":"Effects of the once-daily GLP-1 analog liraglutide on gastric emptying, glycemic parameters, appetite and energy metabolism in obese, non-diabetic adults","volume":"38","author":"Sloth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2017.08.011","article-title":"Bariatric Surgery for Obesity","volume":"102","author":"Heneghan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-018-0307-x","article-title":"Devices and Endoscopic Bariatric Therapies for Obesity","volume":"7","author":"Saunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2014.09.002","article-title":"Leptin and its receptors","volume":"61\u201362","author":"Wada","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-013-0074-7","article-title":"Metreleptin: First global approval","volume":"73","author":"Chou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2015.1052789","article-title":"Metreleptin and generalized lipodystrophy and evolving therapeutic perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Tchang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.012385","article-title":"Leptin reverses declines in satiation in weight-reduced obese humans","volume":"95","author":"Kissileff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G946","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2000.278.6.G946","article-title":"Pramlintide, an amylin analog, selectively delays gastric emptying: Potential role of vagal inhibition","volume":"278","author":"Samsom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.238","article-title":"Davalintide (AC2307), a novel amylin-mimetic peptide: Enhanced pharmacological properties over native amylin to reduce food intake and body weight","volume":"34","author":"Mack","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12839","article-title":"Semaglutide as a promising antiobesity drug","volume":"20","author":"Christou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7370","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b00726","article-title":"Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide","volume":"58","author":"Lau","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13899","article-title":"Oral semaglutide for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Avgerinos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.10.003","article-title":"Peptide therapeutics: Current status and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Fosgerau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug. Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13034","article-title":"A novel GIP analogue, ZP4165, enhances glucagon-like peptide-1-induced body weight loss and improves glycaemic control in rodents","volume":"20","author":"Norregaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2013.12.001","article-title":"Action and therapeutic potential of oxyntomodulin","volume":"3","author":"Pocai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12735","article-title":"Robust anti-obesity and metabolic effects of a dual GLP-1\/glucagon receptor peptide agonist in rodents and non-human primates","volume":"18","author":"Henderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa863","article-title":"Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide Improves Beta-cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"106","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.04.034","article-title":"Recent Updates on Obesity Treatments: Available Drugs and Future Directions","volume":"437","author":"Dragano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.04.013","article-title":"Cannabinoid CB1 receptor inverse agonists and neutral antagonists: Effects on food intake, food-reinforced behavior and food aversions","volume":"91","author":"Salamone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00908.x","article-title":"A novel peripherally restricted cannabinoid receptor antagonist, AM6545, reduces food intake and body weight, but does not cause malaise, in rodents","volume":"161","author":"Cluny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.07.021","article-title":"The novel cannabinoid CB1 antagonist AM6545 suppresses food intake and food-reinforced behavior","volume":"97","author":"Randall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1076699","article-title":"Cetilistat (ATL-962), a novel pancreatic lipase inhibitor, ameliorates body weight gain and improves lipid profiles in rats","volume":"40","author":"Yamada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"123","article-title":"Anti-ghrelin antibodies in appetite suppression: Recent advances in obesity pharmacotherapy","volume":"4","author":"Altabas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-98-2-540","article-title":"Blockade of the stress-induced decrease in blood GH by anti-somatostatin serum in rats","volume":"98","author":"Arimura","year":"1976","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-3-21","article-title":"Effects of novel vaccines on weight loss in diet-induced-obese (DIO) mice","volume":"3","author":"Haffer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2014.3.1.37","article-title":"Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for obesity","volume":"3","author":"Na","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.41","article-title":"Proof-of-concept for a virus-induced obesity vaccine; vaccination against the obesity agent adenovirus 36","volume":"38","author":"Na","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00038","article-title":"Brown and Brite: The Fat Soldiers in the Anti-obesity Fight","volume":"10","author":"Srivastava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO02154F","article-title":"From white to beige adipocytes: Therapeutic potential of dietary molecules against obesity and their molecular mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E945","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00473.2013","article-title":"Brown and white adipose tissues: Intrinsic differences in gene expression and response to cold exposure in mice","volume":"306","author":"Rosell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-183-42414","article-title":"Capsaicin-induced beta-adrenergic action on energy metabolism in rats: Influence of capsaicin on oxygen consumption, the respiratory quotient, and substrate utilization","volume":"183","author":"Kawada","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13514","article-title":"Capsaicin induces browning of white adipose tissue and counters obesity by activating TRPV1 channel-dependent mechanisms","volume":"173","author":"Baskaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"4195","article-title":"Potential role of bioavailable curcumin in weight loss and omental adipose tissue decrease: Preliminary data of a randomized, controlled trial in overweight people with metabolic syndrome. Preliminary study","volume":"19","author":"Bressan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2016.07.019","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and beige-like features in subcutaneous adipocytes from overweight subjects","volume":"37","author":"Laiglesia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-013-4512-2","article-title":"Green tea catechins prevent obesity through modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors","volume":"56","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. China. Life. Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.23","article-title":"Resveratrol induces brown-like adipocyte formation in white fat through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alpha1","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5493","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6493","article-title":"Berberine activates thermogenesis in white and brown adipose tissue","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.12.009","article-title":"Activation of human brown adipose tissue by a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist","volume":"21","author":"Cypess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2017.09.023","article-title":"The PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone promotes the induction of brite adipocytes, increasing beta-adrenoceptor-mediated mitochondrial function and glucose uptake","volume":"42","author":"Merlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4479-9","article-title":"Pioglitazone reduces cold-induced brown fat glucose uptake despite induction of browning in cultured human adipocytes: A randomised, controlled trial in humans","volume":"61","author":"Loh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rachid, T.L., Silva-Veiga, F.M., Graus-Nunes, F., Bringhenti, I., Mandarim-de-Lacerda, C.A., and Souza-Mello, V. (2018). Differential actions of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-beta\/delta on beige adipocyte formation: A study in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue of obese male mice. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191365"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.01.017","article-title":"Small molecule PGC-1alpha1 protein stabilizers induce adipocyte Ucp1 expression and uncoupled mitochondrial respiration","volume":"9","author":"Izadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e432","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.245","article-title":"Metformin ameliorates experimental-obesity-associated autoimmune arthritis by inducing FGF21 expression and brown adipocyte differentiation","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tokubuchi, I., Tajiri, Y., Iwata, S., Hara, K., Wada, N., Hashinaga, T., Nakayama, H., Mifune, H., and Yamada, K. (2017). Beneficial effects of metformin on energy metabolism and visceral fat volume through a possible mechanism of fatty acid oxidation in human subjects and rats. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171293"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13128","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13128","article-title":"Individuals with obesity and COVID-19, A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships","volume":"21","author":"Popkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0364-6","article-title":"Obesity and impaired metabolic health in patients with COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Stefan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.20.2579","article-title":"Molecular understanding of hyperglycemia\u2019s adverse effects for diabetic complications","volume":"288","author":"Sheetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301158","article-title":"Leptin metabolically licenses T cells for activation to link nutrition and immunity","volume":"192","author":"Saucillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.08.003","article-title":"Insulin Receptor-Mediated Stimulation Boosts T Cell Immunity during Inflammation and Infection","volume":"28","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2017). American Diabetes A: 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 40, S11\u2013S24.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-S005"},{"key":"ref_165","unstructured":"(2020, October 10). IDF Diabetes Atlas. Available online: https:\/\/www.diabetesatlas.org\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092952","article-title":"Insulin signaling in health and disease","volume":"302","author":"White","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-007-0030-9","article-title":"Insulin signaling and glucose transport in insulin resistant human skeletal muscle","volume":"48","author":"Karlsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(05)00015-8","article-title":"Loss of insulin signaling in hepatocytes leads to severe insulin resistance and progressive hepatic dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Michael","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-1414","article-title":"Insulin signaling in human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo","volume":"55","author":"Laviola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00063.2017","article-title":"Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance","volume":"98","author":"Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1419","article-title":"Staging presymptomatic type 1 diabetes: A scientific statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association","volume":"38","author":"Insel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.381","article-title":"Genome-wide association study and meta-analysis find that over 40 loci affect risk of type 1 diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Barrett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0699","article-title":"HLA class I and genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes: Results from the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium","volume":"59","author":"Noble","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"294","article-title":"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology at A Glance","volume":"20","author":"Karamzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17016","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.16","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Katsarou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5897\/JPAP2013.0001","article-title":"The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"4","author":"Ozougwu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-8-201310150-00007","article-title":"Lifestyle interventions for patients with and at risk for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"159","author":"Schellenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0702","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328348c06d","article-title":"Gut microbiota interactions with obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: Did gut microbiote co-evolve with insulin resistance?","volume":"14","author":"Esteve","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804381","article-title":"Sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of type 2 diabetes in women and men","volume":"361","author":"Ding","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80546-2","article-title":"Tissue-specific knockout of the insulin receptor in pancreatic beta cells creates an insulin secretory defect similar to that in type 2 diabetes","volume":"96","author":"Kulkarni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2825-5","article-title":"Validation of [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography (PET) for the measurement of intestinal metabolism in pigs, and evidence of intestinal insulin resistance in patients with morbid obesity","volume":"56","author":"Honka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.145","article-title":"The impact of insulin resistance on the kidney and vasculature","volume":"12","author":"Artunc","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00161","article-title":"Insulin in the brain: Its pathophysiological implications for States related with central insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Blazquez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-8719.2012.00174.x","article-title":"Insulin-induced microvascular recruitment in skin and muscle are related and both are associated with whole-body glucose uptake","volume":"19","author":"Meijer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2012.01031.x","article-title":"Liver and diabetes. A vicious circle","volume":"43","author":"Loria","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1684-1","article-title":"Insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis: The missing links. The Claude Bernard Lecture 2009","volume":"53","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-1167","article-title":"Role of Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance in the Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the San Antonio Metabolism Study","volume":"66","author":"Gastaldelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.241869","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and roles of inflammation--mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"32","author":"Romeo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.01.012","article-title":"Hepatic acetyl CoA links adipose tissue inflammation to hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"160","author":"Perry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4711-2","article-title":"Global trends in diabetes complications: A review of current evidence","volume":"62","author":"Harding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151","article-title":"Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808431","article-title":"Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes","volume":"360","author":"Duckworth","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjr.0000368191.86614.5a","article-title":"The global burden of diabetes and its complications: An emerging pandemic","volume":"17","author":"Beulens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.6.1615","article-title":"The pathobiology of diabetic complications: A unifying mechanism","volume":"54","author":"Brownlee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.390","article-title":"Intermediate metabolism in normal pregnancy and in gestational diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Miccoli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plows, J.F., Stanley, J.L., Baker, P.N., Reynolds, C.M., and Vickers, M.H. (2018). The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113342"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4226-2","article-title":"Precision diabetes: Learning from monogenic diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Hattersley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S179793","article-title":"Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY): Current perspectives on diagnosis and treatment","volume":"12","author":"Urakami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1202-x","article-title":"How Recent Advances in Genomics Improve Precision Diagnosis and Personalized Care of Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young","volume":"19","author":"Vaxillaire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0103-2","article-title":"Diabetes insipidus","volume":"5","author":"Bichet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"3030","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus: An Overview","volume":"7","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharm. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407143310203","article-title":"Diabetes and the risk of pancreatic cancer","volume":"331","author":"Gullo","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201512-2518OC","article-title":"Abnormal Glucose Tolerance in Infants and Young Children with Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"194","author":"Yi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med."},{"key":"ref_205","unstructured":"Kirti, K., Tarr, J.M., Ahmad, S.I., Eva, M.K., and Rakesh, C. (2013). Diabetes, An Old Disease, a New Insigh, Springer. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-118-7-199304010-00008","article-title":"Drug-induced disorders of glucose tolerance","volume":"118","author":"Pandit","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0316-1","article-title":"Benefit of lifestyle-based T2DM prevention is influenced by prediabetes phenotype","volume":"16","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2019.v12i1.28285","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus treatment: A rapid review on innovative therapies","volume":"12","author":"Veni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-019-00743-7","article-title":"Insulin Therapy in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review","volume":"11","author":"Janez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70174-3","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide (IDegLira) compared with its components given alone: Results of a phase 3, open-label, randomised, 26-week, treat-to-target trial in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Gough","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0242-2","article-title":"Understanding the glucoregulatory mechanisms of metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Foretz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812389","article-title":"Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"380","author":"Wiviott","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2012.04.013","article-title":"Efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors: Meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Aroda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-017-0282-3","article-title":"Effects of Insulin Plus Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RAs) in Treating Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91943-4","article-title":"Cyclosporin increases the rate and length of remissions in insulin-dependent diabetes of recent onset. Results of a multicentre double-blind trial","volume":"2","author":"Feutren","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.11.017","article-title":"New Frontiers in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Warshauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2165\/0063030-200822060-00004","article-title":"Pramlintide in the treatment of diabetes mellitus","volume":"22","author":"Edelman","year":"2008","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.5500\/wjt.v9.i4.81","article-title":"Pancreatic transplantation: Brief review of the current evidence","volume":"9","author":"Aref","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.2007.S368","article-title":"Sulfonylurea stimulation of insulin secretion","volume":"51","author":"Proks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.163171","article-title":"Place of sulfonylureas in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Asia: A consensus statement","volume":"19","author":"Kalra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.249","article-title":"The mode of action of thiazolidinediones","volume":"2","author":"Hauner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.2337\/dcS13-2003","article-title":"In vivo actions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: Glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion","volume":"36","author":"Eldor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_224","first-page":"1","article-title":"Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"CD003639","author":"Lucassen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108132","article-title":"COVID-19, diabetes mellitus and ACE2: The conundrum","volume":"162","author":"Pal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_227","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19","volume":"e3319","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2020.107637","article-title":"COVID-19 and diabetes: The why, the what and the how","volume":"34","author":"Cuschieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-009-0109-4","article-title":"Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15080","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.80","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"1","author":"Brunt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0315-7","article-title":"NAFLD\u2014Sounding the alarm on a silent epidemic","volume":"17","author":"Lazarus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039","article-title":"A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement","volume":"73","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i4.1664","article-title":"Mechanisms of intrahepatic triglyceride accumulation","volume":"22","author":"Ress","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0145-7","article-title":"From NASH to HCC: Current concepts and future challenges","volume":"16","author":"Anstee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2009.10.007","article-title":"Fatty liver and lipotoxicity","volume":"1801","author":"Trauner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.108.00001","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets in steatosis and steatohepatitis","volume":"60","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2015.10.024","article-title":"Adipocyte lipolysis and insulin resistance","volume":"125","author":"Morigny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22632","article-title":"Regulatable fatty acid transport mechanisms are central to the pathophysiology of obesity, fatty liver, and metabolic syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Berk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)70061-7","article-title":"Contribution of hepatic de novo lipogenesis and reesterification of plasma non esterified fatty acids to plasma triglyceride synthesis during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"29","author":"Diraison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm4074","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of hepatic lipogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0345-9","article-title":"Publisher Correction: The regulation of hepatic fatty acid synthesis and partitioning: The effect of nutritional state","volume":"16","author":"Hodson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)34932-4","article-title":"Hepatic uptake of chylomicron remnants","volume":"38","author":"Cooper","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2008.12.015","article-title":"Hepatic lipid metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"19","author":"Tessari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.038","article-title":"Alterations in adipose tissue and hepatic lipid kinetics in obese men and women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"134","author":"Fabbrini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI96702","article-title":"Fructose metabolism and metabolic disease","volume":"128","author":"Hannou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4054-0","article-title":"Role of Dietary Fructose and Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis in Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"61","author":"Softic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.11.014","article-title":"Lipotoxicity and the gut-liver axis in NASH pathogenesis","volume":"68","author":"Marra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.80","article-title":"Regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Petersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63967","article-title":"Malonyl-CoA: The regulator of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation","volume":"122","author":"Foster","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.04.004","article-title":"Adaptation of hepatic mitochondrial function in humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver is lost in steatohepatitis","volume":"21","author":"Koliaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0009-6","article-title":"Triggering resolution of inflammation in, NASH","volume":"15","author":"Schuster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12315","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and liver disease","volume":"34","author":"Kesar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4049-x","article-title":"Innate Immunity Inflammation in, NAFLD\/NASH","volume":"61","author":"Arrese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.08.020","article-title":"Type I interferons protect from Toll-like receptor 9-associated liver injury and regulate IL-1 receptor antagonist in mice","volume":"140","author":"Petrasek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.010","article-title":"P2X7 receptor-NADPH oxidase axis mediates protein radical formation and Kupffer cell activation in carbon tetrachloride-mediated steatohepatitis in obese mice","volume":"52","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1238","article-title":"Characterization of distinct subpopulations of hepatic macrophages in HFD\/obese mice","volume":"64","author":"Morinaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3084","article-title":"Blockade of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANKL) signaling improves hepatic insulin resistance and prevents development of diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Kiechl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M700184-JLR200","article-title":"Lysophosphatidylcholine as a death effector in the lipoapoptosis of hepatocytes","volume":"49","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.03.004","article-title":"Mitochondria and T2D: Role of Autophagy, ER Stress, and Inflammasome","volume":"31","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26226","article-title":"Mitochondrial adaptations and dysfunctions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"58","author":"Begriche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3795","article-title":"Mitochondria and redox signaling in steatohepatitis","volume":"15","author":"Morris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1076","article-title":"Liver ATP synthesis is lower and relates to insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Schmid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1081208","article-title":"BAX and BAK regulation of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+: A control point for apoptosis","volume":"300","author":"Scorrano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-009-0051-0","article-title":"Hypoadiponectinemia and its association with liver fibrosis in morbidly obese patients","volume":"20","author":"Nazal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020117-043617","article-title":"Recent Insights into the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"13","author":"Arab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hepres.2005.09.024","article-title":"The role of leptin in progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"33","author":"Ikejima","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.257","article-title":"Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"40","author":"Romeo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E821","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4464","article-title":"Paradoxical dissociation between hepatic fat content and de novo lipogenesis due to PNPLA3 sequence variant","volume":"100","author":"Mancina","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.07.030","article-title":"Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) I148M (rs738409) affects hepatic VLDL secretion in humans and in vitro","volume":"57","author":"Pirazzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.005","article-title":"The Prevalence and Pathobiology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients of Different Races or Ethnicities","volume":"20","author":"Kalia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Liver. Dis."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.02.030","article-title":"Carriage of the PNPLA3 rs738409 C >G polymorphism confers an increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29041","article-title":"The PNPLA3 I148M variant modulates the fibrogenic phenotype of human hepatic stellate cells","volume":"65","author":"Bruschi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2016.0109","article-title":"Genetic predisposition in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"23","author":"Sookoian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i11.1439","article-title":"Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms in the pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The role of genetics","volume":"7","author":"Marzuillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.171280","article-title":"The natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children: A follow-up study for up to 20 years","volume":"58","author":"Feldstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Sessa, A., Umano, G.R., and Miraglia Del Giudice, E. (2017). The Association between Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Risk in Children. Children, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/children4070057"},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v9.i2.69","article-title":"From the liver to the heart: Cardiac dysfunction in obese children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"9","author":"Umano","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21076","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk in children with obesity","volume":"23","author":"Koot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Sessa, A., Guarino, S., Umano, G.R., Arenella, M., Alfiero, S., Quaranta, G., Miraglia Del Giudice, E., and Marzuillo, P. (2021). MAFLD in Obese Children: A Challenging Definition. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8030247"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2013.09.009","article-title":"The role of diet nutritional intervention for the management of patients with, NAFLD","volume":"18","author":"Barrera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2019.07.013","article-title":"Are Lifestyle Therapies Effective for NAFLD Treatment?","volume":"30","author":"Kurzbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25762","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association","volume":"55","author":"Chalasani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23719","article-title":"Hepatic lipotoxicity and the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: The central role of nontriglyceride fatty acid metabolites","volume":"52","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2012.18","article-title":"Metformin in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.10.2968","article-title":"The effect of thiazolidinediones on plasma adiponectin levels in normal, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects","volume":"51","author":"Yu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuthbertson, D.J., Irwin, A., Gardner, C.J., Daousi, C., Purewal, T., Furlong, N., Goenka, N., Thomas, E.L., Adams, V.L., and Pushpakom, S.P. (2012). Improved glycaemia correlates with liver fat reduction in obese, type 2 diabetes, patients given glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050117"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00803-X","article-title":"Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): A multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study","volume":"387","author":"Armstrong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_289","first-page":"729","article-title":"Increased hepatic expression of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with insulin resistance and glucose metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2019.01.008","article-title":"Beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on fatty liver in type 2 diabetes: A common comorbidity associated with severe complications","volume":"45","author":"Scheen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.05.042","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid in patients with type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"145","author":"Mudaliar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25604","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor is essential for normal glucose homeostasis","volume":"116","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21025","article-title":"Bile acids lower triglyceride levels via a pathway involving FXR, SHP, and SREBP-1c","volume":"113","author":"Watanabe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22668","article-title":"Nuclear bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor meets nuclear factor-kappaB: New insights into hepatic inflammation","volume":"48","author":"Wagner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.03.025","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor agonist WAY-362450 attenuates liver inflammation and fibrosis in murine model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02926.x","article-title":"A pilot study of atorvastatin treatment in dyslipemid, non-alcoholic fatty liver patients","volume":"23","author":"Gisbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12033","article-title":"Rosuvastatin ameliorates high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats","volume":"33","author":"Okada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6395","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.6395","article-title":"Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seal oils on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with hyperlipidemia","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7109270","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7109270","article-title":"AComprehensive Updated Review of Pharmaceutical Nonpharmaceutical Treatment for NAFLD","volume":"2016","author":"Hossain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12887","article-title":"Ezetimibe for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Nakade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2010.00644.x","article-title":"Efficacy of ezetimibe for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: An open-label, pilot study","volume":"40","author":"Yoneda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-001-0824-3","article-title":"Arachidyl amido cholanoic acid (Aramchol) is a cholesterol solubilizer and prevents the formation of cholesterol gallstones in inbred mice","volume":"36","author":"Gilat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.04.038","article-title":"The fatty acid-bile acid conjugate Aramchol reduces liver fat content in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Safadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30206","article-title":"Trimming the Fat: Acetyl-CoACarboxylase Inhibition for the Management of NAFLD","volume":"68","author":"Imai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30097","article-title":"Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibition Reverses NAFLD and Hepatic Insulin Resistance but Promotes Hypertriglyceridemia in Rodents","volume":"68","author":"Goedeke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-017-1415-1","article-title":"Current future pharmacological therapies for, NAFLD\/NASH","volume":"53","author":"Sumida","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.08699.x","article-title":"Vitamin E and vitamin C treatment improves fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"98","author":"Harrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.09.025","article-title":"Randomized placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid with vitamin e in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"4","author":"Dufour","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.01083.x","article-title":"Plasma transforming growth factor-beta1 level and efficacy of alpha-tocopherol in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110","article-title":"Meta-analysis: High-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause, mortality","volume":"142","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1437","article-title":"Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)","volume":"306","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_312","first-page":"12","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine improves liver function in patients with non-alcoholic Fatty liver disease","volume":"10","author":"Khoshbaten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepat. Mon."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1068","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00249.2010","article-title":"Betaine improves nonalcoholic fatty liver and associated hepatic insulin resistance: A potential mechanism for hepatoprotection by betaine","volume":"299","author":"Kathirvel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2012","article-title":"Dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha\/delta agonist GFT505 improves hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in abdominally obese subjects","volume":"36","author":"Cariou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26461","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of the dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha\/delta agonist, GFT505, in rodent models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"58","author":"Staels","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.01.038","article-title":"Elafibranor, an Agonist of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-alpha and -delta, Induces Resolution of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Without Fibrosis Worsening","volume":"150","author":"Ratziu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24544","article-title":"Pentoxifylline improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Zein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2010.10.002","article-title":"Probiotics as an emerging therapeutic strategy to treat NAFLD: Focus on molecular and biochemical mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Iacono","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perumpail, B.J., Li, A.A., John, N., Sallam, S., Shah, N.D., Kwong, W., Cholankeril, G., Kim, D., and Ahmed, A. (2019). The Therapeutic Implications of the Gut Microbiome Probiotics in Patients with, NAFLD. Diseases, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases7010027"},{"key":"ref_320","first-page":"141","article-title":"Alleviation of insulin resistance liver damage by oral administration of Imm124-E is mediated by increased Tregs associated with increased serum, G.L.P.-1.; adiponectin: Results of a phase I\/II clinical trial in, NASH","volume":"5","author":"Mizrahi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bramante, C., Tignanelli, C.J., Dutta, N., Jones, E., Tamariz, L., Clark, J.M., Usher, M., Metlon-Meaux, G., and Ikramuddin, S. (2020). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and risk of hospitalization for Covid-19. MedRxiv, 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.01.20185850"},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.312","article-title":"MAFLD: A Consensus-Driven Proposed Nomenclature for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"158","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14575","article-title":"Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease is associated with severity of COVID-19","volume":"40","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver. Int."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.06.013","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease increases risk of severe Covid-19","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321611","article-title":"Risk of severe illness from COVID-19 in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and increased fibrosis scores","volume":"69","author":"Targher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.044","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases in patients with COVID-19, A retrospective study","volume":"73","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.626425","article-title":"Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Severe COVID-19, A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Hegyi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E46","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30216-2","article-title":"Manuel A: COVID-19 cytokine storm: The interplay between inflammation and coagulation","volume":"8","author":"Jose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14768","article-title":"Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190925163827","article-title":"A Brief Review of Cardiovascular Diseases, Associated Risk Factors and Current Treatment Regimes","volume":"25","author":"Flora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.14994","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease Worldwide, 1990\u20132013","volume":"314","author":"VanderZanden","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.10693","article-title":"Global Obesity Epidemic Worsening","volume":"318","author":"Friedrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.183","article-title":"The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus--present and future perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0812-z","article-title":"The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Saklayen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05093.x","article-title":"Matching ATP supply and demand in mammalian heart: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico perspectives","volume":"1188","author":"Yaniv","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12229","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome: A closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.307612","article-title":"Relationship of Insulin Resistance to Prevalence and Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification Beyond Metabolic Syndrome Components: Shiga Epidemiological Study of Subclinical Atherosclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Yamazoe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv350","article-title":"The role of metabolic syndrome in heart failure","volume":"36","author":"Paolillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.17.2028","article-title":"Cause-specific excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity","volume":"298","author":"Flegal","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200104000-00003","article-title":"Obesity cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology and evolution of the clinical syndrome","volume":"321","author":"Alpert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0372","article-title":"Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"89","author":"Grundy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2009.10.012","article-title":"The impact of obesity on the left ventricle: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"3","author":"Turkbey","year":"2010","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-016-0563-4","article-title":"Obesity alters molecular and functional cardiac responses to ischemia\/reperfusion and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonism","volume":"111","author":"Sassoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2016.03.014","article-title":"Fuel availability and fate in cardiac metabolism: A tale of two substrates","volume":"1861","author":"Pascual","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0320083","article-title":"Increased FAT (fatty acid translocase)\/CD36-mediated long-chain fatty acid uptake in cardiac myocytes from obese Zucker rats","volume":"32","author":"Coort","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0762-4","article-title":"Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","author":"Ormazabal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0854","article-title":"Relationship of insulin resistance and related metabolic variables to coronary artery disease: A mathematical analysis","volume":"32","author":"Eddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.4.1784","article-title":"Lipotoxic heart disease in obese rats: Implications for human obesity","volume":"97","author":"Zhou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0643-2","article-title":"Sitagliptin improved glucose assimilation in detriment of fatty-acid utilization in experimental type-II diabetes: Role of GLP-1 isoforms in Glut4 receptor trafficking","volume":"17","author":"Ramirez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.47.10.1643","article-title":"Prevalence of insulin resistance in metabolic disorders: The Bruneck Study","volume":"47","author":"Bonora","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.01.008","article-title":"Insulin resistance is associated with increased risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with preexisting coronary artery disease","volume":"153","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01512","article-title":"Effect of Roux-en-Y Bariatric Surgery on Lipoproteins, Insulin Resistance, and Systemic and Vascular Inflammation in Obesity and Diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Yadav","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.11.057","article-title":"Inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"582","author":"Olefsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7B","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00031-9","article-title":"Hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor","volume":"81","author":"Austin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2017.1417631","article-title":"The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease: A brief review","volume":"50","author":"Chistiakov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.05.004","article-title":"Dynamic organization of mitochondria in human heart and in myocardial disease","volume":"41","author":"Hoppel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5089","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.11.5089","article-title":"Mitochondrial creatine kinase: A major constituent of pathological inclusions seen in mitochondrial myopathies","volume":"91","author":"Stadhouders","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.300376","article-title":"Cardiac metabolism in heart failure: Implications beyond ATP production","volume":"113","author":"Doenst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.027680","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease: Different strategies for primary and secondary prevention?","volume":"90","author":"Hobbs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311849","article-title":"Reducing the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease, Part 2: Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"121","author":"Leong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000063","article-title":"Primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: Is there a place for Internet-based interventions?","volume":"34","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021778","article-title":"Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"348","author":"Gaede","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","article-title":"Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.140624","article-title":"Impact of blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular outcomes in normal weight, overweight, and obese individuals: The Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study trial","volume":"55","author":"Czernichow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b1665","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b1665","article-title":"Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies","volume":"338","author":"Law","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1410489","article-title":"Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes","volume":"372","author":"Cannon","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30313-3","article-title":"Cardiovascular safety and efficacy of the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab in patients with and without diabetes and the effect of evolocumab on glycaemia and risk of new-onset diabetes: A prespecified analysis of the FOURIER randomised controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Sabatine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908973","article-title":"Ticagrelor or Prasugrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes","volume":"381","author":"Schupke","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010746","article-title":"Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial I: Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation","volume":"345","author":"Yusuf","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.277064","article-title":"Effects of a fixed-dose combination strategy on adherence and risk factors in patients with or at high risk of CVD: The UMPIRE randomized clinical trial","volume":"310","author":"Thom","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-011-0002-3","article-title":"Incretin-based therapy: A powerful and promising weapon in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"Koliaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901118","article-title":"Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"381","author":"Husain","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0350-4","article-title":"Risks of cardiovascular diseases associated with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and other antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes: A nation-wide longitudinal study","volume":"15","author":"Ou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13241","article-title":"Comparative cardiovascular risks of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors with other second- and third-line antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"83","author":"Ou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021887","article-title":"Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: Cardiovascular and Kidney Effects, Potential Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications","volume":"134","author":"Heerspink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0310162","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase, super metabolic regulator","volume":"31","author":"Kemp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000380","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase, fatty acid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-010-6222-3","article-title":"Transitory activation of AMPK at reperfusion protects the ischaemic-reperfused rat myocardium against infarction","volume":"24","author":"Paiva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1137","article-title":"Adiponectin-mediated modulation of hypertrophic signals in the heart","volume":"10","author":"Shibata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-1064","article-title":"Activation of the AMP-activated kinase by antidiabetes drug metformin stimulates nitric oxide synthesis in vivo by promoting the association of heat shock protein 90 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase","volume":"55","author":"Davis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1729-5","article-title":"Metformin suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis and lowers fasting blood glucose levels through reactive nitrogen species in mice","volume":"53","author":"Fujita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0267","article-title":"In vivo activation of AMP-activated protein kinase attenuates diabetes-enhanced degradation of GTP cyclohydrolase, I","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H895","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00137.2011","article-title":"Acute rosiglitazone treatment is cardioprotective against ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulating AMPK, Akt, and JNK signaling in nondiabetic mice","volume":"301","author":"Morrison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.04.038","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) as a potential causal genetic risk factor of cardiovascular disease: A rationale for increased efforts to understand its pathophysiology and develop targeted therapies","volume":"60","author":"Tsimikas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.2741\/4635","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease: Current state and future directions for an enigmatic lipoprotein","volume":"23","author":"Saeed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2010.01.008","article-title":"Niacin and fibrates in atherogenic dyslipidemia: Pharmacotherapy to reduce cardiovascular risk","volume":"126","author":"Chapman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2016.09.012","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a)-cholesterol levels estimated by vertical auto profile correlate poorly with Lp(a) mass in hyperlipidemic subjects: Implications for clinical practice interpretation of Lp(a)-mediated risk","volume":"10","author":"Yeang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2016.01.005","article-title":"Effect of therapeutic interventions on oxidized phospholipids on apolipoprotein B100 and lipoprotein(a)","volume":"10","author":"Yeang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.9.1454","article-title":"Effect of aspirin treatment on serum concentrations of lipoprotein(a) in patients with atherosclerotic diseases","volume":"48","author":"Akaike","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.01.006","article-title":"Reduction in lipoprotein(a) with PCSK9 monoclonal antibody evolocumab (AMG 145): A pooled analysis of more than 1,300 patients in 4 phase II trials","volume":"63","author":"Raal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R052258","article-title":"Antisense inhibition of apolipoprotein (a) to lower plasma lipoprotein (a) levels in humans","volume":"57","author":"Graham","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.10.052","article-title":"Antisense oligonucleotide lowers plasma levels of apolipoprotein (a) and lipoprotein (a) in transgenic mice","volume":"57","author":"Merki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol"},{"key":"ref_394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31009-1","article-title":"Antisense oligonucleotides targeting apolipoprotein(a) in people with raised lipoprotein(a): Two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trials","volume":"388","author":"Viney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150272","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.150272","article-title":"The ANGPTL3-4-8 model, a molecular mechanism for triglyceride trafficking","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000290","article-title":"Regulation of lipid metabolism by angiopoietin-like proteins","volume":"27","author":"Dijk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808477200","article-title":"The angiopoietin-like proteins ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 inhibit lipoprotein lipase activity through distinct mechanisms","volume":"284","author":"Shan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97918","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.97918","article-title":"Absence of ANGPTL4 in adipose tissue improves glucose tolerance and attenuates atherogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Aryal","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04611-z","article-title":"Genetic inactivation of ANGPTL4 improves glucose homeostasis and is associated with reduced risk of diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Gusarova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11630","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1515374112","article-title":"Hepatic ANGPTL3 regulates adipose tissue energy homeostasis","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612790","article-title":"Genetic and Pharmacologic Inactivation of ANGPTL3 and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"377","author":"Dewey","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.13138","article-title":"AMPK-SIRT1-independent inhibition of ANGPTL3 gene expression is a potential lipid-lowering mechanism of metformin","volume":"71","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064453","article-title":"Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 6 (LRP6) Is a Novel Nutritional Therapeutic Target for Hyperlipidemia, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Atherosclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Go","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.16966\/2472-6990.111","article-title":"Temporary, Systemic Inhibition of the WNT\/beta-Catenin Pathway promotes Regenerative Cardiac Repair following Myocardial Infarct","volume":"2","author":"Bastakoty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem. Cells Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1439","article-title":"Wnt Signaling Regulates Blood Pressure by Downregulating a GSK-3beta-Mediated Pathway to Enhance Insulin Signaling in the Central Nervous System","volume":"64","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0074-0","article-title":"Targeting mitochondria for cardiovascular disorders: Therapeutic potential and obstacles","volume":"16","author":"Bonora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000054","article-title":"Combined therapeutic benefit of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, MitoQ10, and angiotensin receptor blocker, losartan, on cardiovascular function","volume":"32","author":"McLachlan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2019.07.011","article-title":"Effects of carvedilol vs bisoprolol on inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"75","author":"Toyoda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daiber, A., Xia, N., Steven, S., Oelze, M., Hanf, A., Kroller-Schon, S., Munzel, T., and Li, H. (2019). New Therapeutic Implications of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) Function\/Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010187"},{"key":"ref_410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.05.009","article-title":"AT1-receptor blockade by telmisartan upregulates GTP-cyclohydrolase I and protects eNOS in diabetic rats","volume":"45","author":"Wenzel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.6.677","article-title":"Nebivolol: A third-generation beta-blocker that augments vascular nitric oxide release: Endothelial beta(2)-adrenergic receptor-mediated nitric oxide production","volume":"102","author":"Broeders","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_412","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000239207.82326.29","article-title":"Nebivolol inhibits superoxide formation by NADPH oxidase and endothelial dysfunction in angiotensin II-treated rats","volume":"48","author":"Oelze","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0218-x","article-title":"RNA-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_414","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3074","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs in human disease","volume":"12","author":"Esteller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09783","article-title":"Pervasive roles of microRNAs in cardiovascular biology","volume":"469","author":"Small","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2009.56","article-title":"MicroRNAs and cardiac pathology","volume":"6","author":"Latronico","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012615-044135","article-title":"Mechanisms of MicroRNAs in Atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Schober","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.125","article-title":"Noncoding RNAs and myocardial fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Thum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311311","article-title":"RNA Therapeutics in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"123","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20170037","article-title":"MicroRNA-based therapeutics in cardiovascular disease: Screening and delivery to the target","volume":"46","author":"Mellis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3864","article-title":"MicroRNA therapeutics for cardiovascular disease: Opportunities and obstacles","volume":"11","author":"Olson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov."},{"key":"ref_422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs356","article-title":"Increased expression of microRNA-146a decreases myocardial ischaemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12242","article-title":"Overexpression of microRNA-99a attenuates heart remodelling and improves cardiac performance after myocardial infarction","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.15007","article-title":"Crucial Role of miR-433 in Regulating Cardiac Fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2015","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs in Development and Disease: Background, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"96","author":"Beermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_426","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311428","article-title":"MicroRNA-100 Suppresses Chronic Vascular Inflammation by Stimulation of Endothelial Autophagy","volume":"122","author":"Pankratz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ\/ Res."},{"key":"ref_427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309589","article-title":"Single-Dose Intracardiac Injection of Pro-Regenerative MicroRNAs Improves Cardiac Function After Myocardial Infarction","volume":"120","author":"Lesizza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.84435","article-title":"Endocannabinoid system in cardiovascular disorders\u2014New pharmacotherapeutic opportunities","volume":"3","author":"Cunha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied. Sci."},{"key":"ref_429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2010.08.013","article-title":"Inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase normalizes cardiovascular function in hypertension without adverse metabolic effects","volume":"17","author":"Godlewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2008.00034.x","article-title":"Acute hypertension reveals depressor and vasodilator effects of cannabinoids in conscious rats","volume":"156","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.35.2.679","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in anesthetized mice","volume":"35","author":"Jarai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_432","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.06.019","article-title":"The effects of chronic FAAH inhibition on myocardial lipid metabolism in normotensive and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats","volume":"183","author":"Polak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_433","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.112904","article-title":"Endocannabinoid regulates blood pressure via activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 in Wistar rats fed a high-salt diet","volume":"321","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_434","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707410","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of cannabinoids in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"152","author":"Wheal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.224","article-title":"Nitric oxide signalling in cardiovascular health and disease","volume":"15","author":"Farah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_436","first-page":"36","article-title":"[Potential protective role of nitric oxide and Hsp70 linked to functional foods in the atherosclerosis]","volume":"29","author":"Camargo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Investig. Arterioscler."},{"key":"ref_437","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-015-0622-z","article-title":"Mediators and mechanisms of heat shock protein 70 based cytoprotection in obstructive nephropathy","volume":"20","author":"Mazzei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"ref_438","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12450","article-title":"Enhanced vasorelaxation effect of endogenous anandamide on thoracic aorta in renal vascular hypertension rats","volume":"42","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_439","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.08.028","article-title":"The endocannabinoid anandamide causes endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in human mesenteric arteries","volume":"113","author":"Stanley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-014-0961-9","article-title":"Mechanisms of endothelium-dependent relaxation evoked by anandamide in isolated human pulmonary arteries","volume":"387","author":"Kozlowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr029","article-title":"Elevated endocannabinoid plasma levels are associated with coronary circulatory dysfunction in obesity","volume":"32","author":"Quercioli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_442","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.12.040","article-title":"Regulation and possible role of endocannabinoids and related mediators in hypercholesterolemic mice with atherosclerosis","volume":"205","author":"Montecucco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_443","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03389","article-title":"Low dose oral cannabinoid therapy reduces progression of atherosclerosis in mice","volume":"434","author":"Steffens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_444","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00712.x","article-title":"Cannabinoid-1 receptor activation induces reactive oxygen species-dependent and -independent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and cell death in human coronary artery endothelial cells","volume":"160","author":"Rajesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.04.021","article-title":"Gastric acid inhibitory and gastric protective effects of Cannabis and cannabinoids","volume":"9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_446","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13669","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.646885","article-title":"Negative Regulation of Leptin-induced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Formation by Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Activation in Hypothalamic Neurons","volume":"290","author":"Palomba","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_447","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0413-9","article-title":"COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: From basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Nishiga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_448","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_449","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2020.06.017","article-title":"The Two Faces of ACE2: The Role of ACE2 Receptor and Its Polymorphisms in Hypertension and COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Bosso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods. Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1624","article-title":"Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors with Severity or Risk of Death in Patients with Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008975","article-title":"Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors and Risk of Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Reynolds","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_452","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2005760","article-title":"Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Patients with Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/8\/2830\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:46:09Z","timestamp":1760165169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/8\/2830"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"references-count":452,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13082830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13082830","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]}}}