{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:35:30Z","timestamp":1782779730454,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007161","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SIP1505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP1505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007161","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine lactoferrin (bLf), a component of milk and a dietary supplement, modulates intestinal immunity at effector and inductor sites. Considering the regional difference in intestinal compartments and the dynamics of local cytokine-producing cells in the gut across time, the aim of this work was to characterize the effects of bLf on the proximal small intestine in a BALB\/c murine model of oral administration. Male BALB\/c mice were treated with oral bLf vs. saline control as mock by buccal deposition for 28 days. Intestinal secretions were obtained at different time points and cells were isolated from Peyer\u2019s patches (PP) and lamina propria (LP) of the proximal small intestine as representative inductor and effector sites, respectively. Total and specific anti-bLF IgA and IgM were determined by enzyme-immuno assay; the percentages of IgA+ and IgM+ plasma cells (PC) and cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells of PP and LP were analyzed by flow cytometry. We found that total and bLf-specific IgA and IgM levels were increased in the intestinal secretions of the bLf group in comparison to mock group and day 0. LP IgA+ PC and IgM+ PC presented an initial elevation on day 7 and day 21, respectively, followed by a decrease on day 28 in comparison to mock. Higher percentages of CD4+ T cells in LP were found in the bLf group. Cytokines-producing CD4+ T cells populations presented a pattern of increases and decreases in the bLf group in both LP and PP. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\u03b2)+ CD4+ T cells showed higher percentages after bLf administration with a marked peak at day 21 in both LP and PP in comparison to mock-treated mice. Oral bLf exhibits complex immune properties in the proximal small intestine, where temporal monitoring of the inductor and effector compartments reveals patterns of rises and falls of different cell populations. Exceptionally, TGF-\u03b2+ CD4+ T cells show consistent higher numbers after bLf intervention across time. Our work suggests that isolated measurements do not show the complete picture of the modulatory effects of oral bLf in immunological sites as dynamic as the proximal small intestine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T09:58:06Z","timestamp":1629367086000},"page":"2852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Temporal Dynamics of T Helper Populations in the Proximal Small Intestine after Oral Bovine Lactoferrin Administration in BALB\/c Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"Ynga-Durand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Salvador D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n y Plan de San Luis S\/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, M\u00e9xico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Tapia-Pastrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, San Bartolo Coyotepec 71256, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X\u00f3chitl Abril","family":"Rebollar-Ru\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Salvador D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n y Plan de San Luis S\/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, M\u00e9xico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3146-8178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariazell","family":"Y\u00e9pez-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Salvador D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n y Plan de San Luis S\/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, M\u00e9xico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4584-144X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Nieto-Ya\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivonne Maciel","family":"Arciniega-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Salvador D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n y Plan de San Luis S\/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, M\u00e9xico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1415-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo Arturo","family":"Res\u00e9ndiz-Albor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Salvador D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n y Plan de San Luis S\/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, M\u00e9xico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5368-9","article-title":"Molecular structure, binding properties and dynamics of lactoferrin","volume":"62","author":"Baker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Mol. 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