{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:19:09Z","timestamp":1785428349639,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-002-193-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-002-193-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University Hospital BeiHu Branch","award":["11001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is an important complication resulting from chronic kidney disease (CKD). Appetite impairment contributes significantly to PEW in these patients, but risk factors associated with having appetite impairment in patients with CKD remain elusive. Patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt;60 mL\/min\/1.73 m2 for \u22652 times at least three months apart were prospectively enrolled during 2017, with their demographic features, comorbidities, anthropometric parameters, physical and performance indices, functional status, frailty, sensory organ integrity, and laboratory data collected. Their appetite status was measured using the Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ). We examined independent determinants of appetite impairment in these CKD patients using multiple regression analyses. Among 78 patients with CKD, 42.3% had CNAQ-identified impaired appetite. Those with an impaired appetite also had poorer physical performance, a higher degree of functional impairment, higher frail severities, lower serum sodium levels, less intact oral cavity, and a trend toward having less intact nasal structures than those without. Multiple regression analyses revealed that a higher frail severity, in the forms of increasing Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) scores (odds ratio (OR), 2.74; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15\u20136.57) and a less intact nasal structure (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92\u20130.995) were associated with a higher probability of having an impaired appetite, while higher serum sodium (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.6\u20130.97) correlated with a lower probability. Based on our findings, in patients with CKD, the severity of frailty, serum sodium, and nasal structural integrity might modify appetite status. Therapies targeting these factors might be beneficial for appetite restoration in patients with CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T21:47:52Z","timestamp":1629668872000},"page":"2863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Independent Determinants of Appetite Impairment among Patients with Stage 3 or Higher Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chih-Chien","family":"Sung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Tser","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan County 325, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2892-7986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Ter","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital BeiHu Branch, Taipei 10845, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100233, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.17.2038","article-title":"Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States","volume":"298","author":"Coresh","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1159\/000504240","article-title":"A Practical Approach to Nutrition, Protein-Energy Wasting, Sarcopenia, and Cachexia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"49","author":"Hanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2017.1354823","article-title":"Protein-energy wasting significantly increases healthcare utilisation and costs among patients with chronic kidney disease: A propensity-score matched cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Chao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. 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