{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:39:40Z","timestamp":1791308380177,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003451","name":"Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GIU 18\/78"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GIU 18\/78"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003451","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the small intestine, whose only effective treatment is a gluten-free diet (GFD). It is characterized by the atrophy of the intestinal villi that leads to altered nutrient absorption. This study describes the nutritional imbalances which may be found in adults with CD following a GFD. During the first year of treatment, deficiencies will overcome as the intestinal mucosa recovers. Thus, biochemical data will show this progression, together with the decrease in symptoms. In contrast, in the long term, when a strict GFD is followed and mucosal recovery is achieved, analyzing nutrient intake makes more sense. Macronutrient consumption is characterized by its low complex carbohydrate and fiber intakes, and high fat (especially SFA) and sugar intakes. This profile has been related to the consumption of GFP and their nutritional composition, in addition to unbalanced dietary habits. The most notable deficiencies in micronutrients are usually those of iron, calcium and magnesium and vitamin D, E and some of group B. It is necessary to follow up patients with CD and to promote nutritional education among them, since it could help not only to achieve a gluten free but also a balanced diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T21:47:52Z","timestamp":1629668872000},"page":"2877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Nutritional Imbalances in Adult Celiac Patients Following a Gluten-Free Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Aner","family":"Cardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GLUTEN3S Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3771-3963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itziar","family":"Churruca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GLUTEN3S Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Bioaraba, Nutrici\u00f3n y Seguridad Alimentaria, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arrate","family":"Lasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GLUTEN3S Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Bioaraba, Nutrici\u00f3n y Seguridad Alimentaria, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0108-7171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GLUTEN3S Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Bioaraba, Nutrici\u00f3n y Seguridad Alimentaria, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2410-3832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maialen","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Polo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GLUTEN3S Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2779-5005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gesala","family":"Perez-Junkera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GLUTEN3S Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2573-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idoia","family":"Larretxi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GLUTEN3S Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Bioaraba, Nutrici\u00f3n y Seguridad Alimentaria, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Centro Integral de Atenci\u00f3n a Mayores San Prudencio, Ayuntamiento de Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.06.098","article-title":"Epidemiology, Presentation, and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease","volume":"160","author":"Lebwohl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301346","article-title":"The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms","volume":"62","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.06.037","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Nardo, G., Villa, M.P., Conti, L., Ranucci, G., Pacchiarotti, C., Principessa, L., Raucci, U., and Parisi, P. (2019). Nutritional deficiencies in children with celiac disease resulting from a gluten-free diet: A systematic review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071588"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2010.505931","article-title":"The prevalence of celiac disease in Europe: Results of a centralized, international mass screening project","volume":"42","author":"Mustalahti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0054-z","article-title":"Coeliac disease","volume":"5","author":"Lindfors","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"359","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of nutrition and nutritional status of patients with celiac disease aged 13\u201318","volume":"70","author":"Kikut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itzlinger, A., Branchi, F., Elli, L., and Schumann, M. (2018). Gluten-free diet in celiac disease\u2014Forever and for all?. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111796"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2018.09.001","article-title":"Celiac Disease: Clinical Features and Diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Hujoel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-040210-092915","article-title":"Integration of genetic and immunological insights into a model of celiac disease pathogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Abadie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nri885","article-title":"Coeliac disease: Dissecting a complex inflammatory disorder","volume":"2","author":"Sollid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, C.B., Varela-Moreiras, G., \u00dabeda, N., and Alonso-Aperte, E. (2019). Nutritional status in Spanish children and adolescents with celiac disease on a gluten free diet compared to non-celiac disease controls. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102329"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2010016","article-title":"The gluten-free diet: Safety and nutritional quality","volume":"2","author":"Saturni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306578","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of adult coeliac disease: Guidelines from the British society of gastroenterology","volume":"63","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05528-3","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment Patterns in Celiac Disease","volume":"64","author":"Cichewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szak\u00e1cs, Z., M\u00e1trai, P., Hegyi, P., Szab\u00f3, I., Vincze, \u00c1., Balask\u00f3, M., Mosd\u00f3si, B., Sarl\u00f3s, P., Simon, M., and M\u00e1rta, K. (2017). Younger age at diagnosis predisposes to mucosal recovery in celiac disease on a gluten-free diet: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187526"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.05.002","article-title":"Gluten free diet and nutrient deficiencies: A review","volume":"35","author":"Vici","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, T., Larretxi, I., Vitoria, J.C., Casta\u00f1o, L., Sim\u00f3n, E., Churruca, I., Navarro, V., and Lasa, A. (2018). Celiac male\u2019s gluten-free diet profile: Comparison to that of the control population and celiac women. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111713"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5515","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7075234","article-title":"Analysis of body composition and food habits of Spanish celiac women","volume":"7","author":"Churruca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-014-0410-4","article-title":"Nutritional Differences Between a Gluten-free Diet and a Diet Containing Equivalent Products with Gluten","volume":"69","author":"Miranda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Food. Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0385-6","article-title":"Differences in the macronutrient and dietary fibre profile of gluten-free products as compared to their gluten-containing counterparts","volume":"73","author":"Donat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1685-2","article-title":"Gluten-free-rendered products contribute to imbalanced diets in children and adolescents with celiac disease","volume":"58","author":"Larretxi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00f3n, E., Larretxi, I., Churrica, I., Lasa, A., Bustamante, M.\u00c1., Navarro, V., Fernandez-Gil, M.d.P., and Miranda, J. (2017). Nutritional and Analytical Approaches of Gluten-Free Diet in Celiac Disease, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-53342-1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03463.x","article-title":"Efficacy of Gluten-Free Diet Alone on Recovery from Iron Deficiency Anemia in Adult Celiac Patients","volume":"96","author":"Annibale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bascu\u00f1\u00e1n, K.A., Elli, L., Pellegrini, N., Scricciolo, A., Lombardo, V., Doneda, L., Vecchi, M., Scarpa, C., Araya, M., and Roncoroni, L. (2019). Impact of FODMAP content restrictions on the quality of diet for patients with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092220"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1465","article-title":"Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women","volume":"4","author":"Low","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00671.x","article-title":"The effects of 1-year gluten withdrawal on bone mass, bone metabolism and nutritional status in newly-diagnosed adult coeliac disease patients","volume":"14","author":"Grosso","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2922","article-title":"Impaired Bone Microarchitecture Improves After One Year On Gluten-Free Diet: A Prospective Longitudinal HRpQCT Study in Women With Celiac Disease","volume":"32","author":"Zanchetta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9424-1","article-title":"The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention","volume":"18","author":"Holick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.4.393","article-title":"Increased Prevalence of Celiac Disease and Need for Routine Screening Among Patients With Osteoporosis","volume":"165","author":"Stenson","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-016-0304-5","article-title":"Bone and Celiac Disease","volume":"14","author":"Zanchetta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.03992.x","article-title":"Complete recovery of intestinal mucosa occurs very rarely in adult coeliac patients despite adherence to gluten-free diet","volume":"29","author":"Lanzini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-925178","article-title":"Endoscopic and histological findings in the duodenum of adults with celiac disease before and after changigng to a gluten-free diet: A 2-year prospective study","volume":"38","author":"Tursi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310148","article-title":"Detection of gluten immunogenic peptides in the urine of patients with coeliac disease reveals transgressions in the gluten-free diet and incomplete mucosal healing","volume":"66","author":"Moreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1159\/000341416","article-title":"Factors associated with dietary adherence in celiac disease: A nationwide study","volume":"86","author":"Kurppa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopman, E.G.D., Cessie, L., Mary, B., Von Blomberg, E., and Mearin, M.L. (2006). Nutritional Management of the Gluten-Free Diet in Young People with Celiac Disease in The Netherlands, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000228102.89454.eb"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2008.05.011","article-title":"Quality of life in celiac disease patients. Prospective analysis on the importance of clinical severity at diagnosis and the impact of treatment","volume":"41","author":"Nachman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.10.011","article-title":"Diet Improves Perception of Health and Well-being in Symptomatic, but Not Asymptomatic, Patients With Celiac Disease","volume":"9","author":"Ukkola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000441697","article-title":"Celiac Disease and Drug-Based Therapies: Inquiry into Patients Demands","volume":"93","author":"Branchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigo, L., P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00ednez, I., Lauret-Bra\u00f1a, E., and Su\u00e1rez-Gonz\u00e1lez, A. (2018). Descriptive Study of the Different Tools Used to Evaluate the Adherence to a Gluten-Free Diet in Celiac Disease Patients. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111777"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.220","article-title":"Persistent duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytosis despite a long-term strict gluten-free diet in celiac disease","volume":"107","author":"Tuire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00387-0","article-title":"Updates on systemic consequences of coeliac disease","volume":"18","author":"Kaukinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01283.x","article-title":"Evidence of poor vitamin status in coeliac patients on a gluten-free diet for 10 years","volume":"16","author":"Hallert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04386.x","article-title":"Evidence of high sugar intake, and low fibre and mineral intake, in the gluten-free diet","volume":"32","author":"Wild","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000348850","article-title":"Inadequate nutrient intake in patients with celiac disease: Results from a German dietary survey","volume":"87","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2005.00607.x","article-title":"Gluten-free diet survey: Are Americans with coeliac disease consuming recommended amounts of fibre, iron, calcium and grain foods?","volume":"18","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9590","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9590","article-title":"Food sources of energy and nutrients among Canadian adults following a gluten-free diet","volume":"8","author":"Jamieson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Peer J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballestero-Fern\u00e1ndez, C., Varela-Moreiras, G., \u00dabeda, N., and Alonso-Aperte, E. (2021). Nutritional Status in Spanish Adults with Celiac Disease Following a Long-Term Gluten-Free Diet Is Similar to Non-Celiac. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051626"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.116046","article-title":"Dietary fat intake and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in a population at high risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"102","author":"Babio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5114553","article-title":"Gluten-free diet in children: An approach to a nutritionally adequate and balanced diet","volume":"5","author":"Penagini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/109976","article-title":"Dietary support in insulin resistance: An overview of current scientific reports","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1943","article-title":"Association between Celiac Disease and Mortality Risk in a Swedish Population","volume":"323","author":"Lebwohl","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.03.035","article-title":"Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Mortality: A National Prospective Cohort in Spain","volume":"94","author":"Graciani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.12.007","article-title":"The relation of saturated fatty acids with low-grade inflammation and cardiovascular disease","volume":"36","author":"Muskiet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Moreiras, O., Carbajal, \u00c1., Cabrera, L., and Cuadrado, C. (2018). Tablas de Composici\u00f3n de Alimentos\u2014Gu\u00eda de Pr\u00e1cticas, Pir\u00e1mide."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-011-0244-2","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Starch Digestibility of Different Gluten-free Breads","volume":"66","author":"Rosell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Food. Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7378","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007378","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on the associations of insulin resistance with sex hormone, abnormal lipid metabolism in T2DM and IGT patients","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001013","article-title":"Dietary Factors and Mucosal Immune Response in Celiac Disease Patients Having Persistent Symptoms Despite a Gluten-free Diet","volume":"53","author":"Laurikka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000363","article-title":"Intake of Dietary Fiber, Fruits, and Vegetables and Risk of Diverticulitis","volume":"114","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreher, M.L. (2018). Whole fruits and fruit fiber emerging health effects. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121833"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12526","article-title":"Changing views on diverticular disease: Impact of aging, obesity, diet, and microbiota","volume":"27","author":"Spiller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lionetti, E., Antonucci, N., Marinelli, M., Bartolomei, B., Franceschini, E., Gatti, S., Catassi, G.N., Verma, A.K., Monachesi, C., and Catassi, C. (2020). Nutritional status, dietary intake, and adherence to the mediterranean diet of children with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet: A case-control prospective study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010143"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-garach, A., Garc\u00eda-fontana, B., and Mu\u00f1oz-torres, M. (2020). Nutrients and dietary patterns related to osteoporosis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071986"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.03945.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: B vitamins improve health in patients with coeliac disease living on a gluten-free diet","volume":"29","author":"Hallert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-14-6","article-title":"Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"Ganguly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2013.849383","article-title":"Appropriate nutrient supplementation in celiac disease","volume":"45","author":"Caruso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larretxi, I., Txurruka, I., Navarro, V., Lasa, A., Bustamante, M.\u00c1., Fern\u00e1ndez-Gil, M.D.P., Sim\u00f3n, E., and Miranda, J. (2019). Micronutrient analysis of gluten-free products: Their low content is not involved in gluten-free diet imbalance in a cohort of celiac children and adolescent. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8080321"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Government of Canada (2019, July 30). Food and Drug Regulations, Available online: https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/regulations\/C.R.C.,_c._870\/."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2019, July 15). Questions and Answers on FDA\u2019s Fortification Policy-Guidance for Industry. Guidance for Industry, Available online: www.fda.gov\/media\/94563\/download."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0142ady\u015b, K., Dardzi\u0144ska, J., Guzek, M., Adrych, K., Kochan, Z., and Ma\u0142gorzewicz, S. (2021). Expanded Role of a Dietitian in Monitoring a Gluten-Free Diet in Patients with Celiac Disease: Implications for Clinical Practice. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061859"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/8\/2877\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:48:43Z","timestamp":1760165323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/8\/2877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13082877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13082877","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]}}}