{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:59:36Z","timestamp":1787029176397,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002911","name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[grant to Research Groups GR105\/18 and GR29\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[grant to Research Groups GR105\/18 and GR29\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n y fondos FEDER","award":["[Grants to Marta Garaulet number SAF2017-84135-R];"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[Grants to Marta Garaulet number SAF2017-84135-R];"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad Aut\u00f3noma de la Regi\u00f3n de Murcia through the Seneca Foundation","award":["[to Marta Garaulet number 20795\/PI\/18 and NIDDK R01DK105072]."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[to Marta Garaulet number 20795\/PI\/18 and NIDDK R01DK105072]."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a visceral fat depot with unique anatomic, biomolecular and genetic features. Due to its proximity to the coronary arteries and myocardium, dysfunctional EAT may contribute to the development and progression of cardiovascular and metabolic-related adiposity-based chronic diseases. The aim of this work was to describe, by morphological techniques, the early origin of EAT. Methods: EAT adipogenesis was studied in 41 embryos from 32 gestational days (GD) to 8 gestational weeks (GW) and in 23 fetuses until full term (from 9 to 36 GW). Results: This process comprises five stages. Stage 1 appears as mesenchyme at 33\u201335 GD. Stage 2 is characterized by angiogenesis at 42\u201345 GD. Stage 3 covers up to 34 GW with the appearance of small fibers in the extracellular matrix. Stage 4 is visible around the coronary arteries, as multilocular adipocytes in primitive fat lobules, and Stage 5 is present with unilocular adipocytes in the definitive fat lobules. EAT precursor tissue appears as early as the end of the first gestational month in the atrioventricular grooves. Unilocular adipocytes appear at the eighth gestational month. Conclusions: Due to its early origin, plasticity and clinical implications, factors such as maternal health and nutrition might influence EAT early development in consequence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13092906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T22:09:39Z","timestamp":1629842979000},"page":"2906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Early Appearance of Epicardial Adipose Tissue through Human Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8926-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Perez-Miguelsanz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda y Embriolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanesa","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Cano-Barquilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4066-3509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Garaulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana I.","family":"Esquifino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5158-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregorio","family":"Varela-Moreiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4113-4756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mateos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019","article-title":"Human epicardial adipose tissue: A review","volume":"153","author":"Sacks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2016.01.004","article-title":"Epicardial fat: A new cardiovascular therapeutic target","volume":"27","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3002","article-title":"Generation of the epicardial lineage from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"32","author":"Witty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1430","article-title":"Anatomical locations of human brown adipose tissue: Functional relevance and implications in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Sacks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.09.089","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"278","author":"Ansaldo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villasante Fricke, A.C., and Iacobellis, G. (2019). Epicardial Adipose Tissue: Clinical Biomarker of Cardio-Metabolic Risk. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235989"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"VII","article-title":"Adipose tissue development. From animal models to clinical conditions","volume":"19","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.244","article-title":"Body mass index trajectories in childhood is predictive of cardiovascular risk: Results from the 23-year longitudinal Georgia Stress and Heart study","volume":"42","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e141","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.253","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in infant body composition: Association with childhood obesity","volume":"9","author":"Koontz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatric Obes."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2489","article-title":"Infancy weight gain predicts childhood body fat and age at menarche in girls","volume":"94","author":"Ong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.6.1776","article-title":"Infant growth and later body composition: Evidence from the 4-component model","volume":"87","author":"Chomtho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy003","article-title":"Accretion of Fat-Free Mass Rather Than Fat Mass in Infancy Is Positively Associated with Linear Growth in Childhood","volume":"148","author":"Admassu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orsso, C.E., Colin-Ramirez, E., Field, C.J., Madsen, K.L., Prado, C.M., and Haqq, A.M. (2020). Adipose Tissue Development and Expansion from the Womb to Adolescence: An Overview. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092735"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000497124","article-title":"The ABCD of Obesity: An EASO Position Statement on a Diagnostic Term with Clinical and Scientific Implications","volume":"12","author":"Busetto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190770","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190770","article-title":"Novel imaging biomarkers: Epicardial adipose tissue evaluation","volume":"93","author":"Monti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030698","article-title":"Echocardiographic epicardial adipose tissue is related to anthropometric and clinical parameters of metabolic syndrome: A new indicator of cardiovascular risk","volume":"88","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruzdeva, O., Uchasova, E., Dyleva, Y., Borodkina, D., Akbasheva, O., Karetnikova, V., Brel, N., Alexander, K., and Barbarash, O. (2019). Relationship between epicardial and perivascular fatty tissue and adipokine-cytokine level in coronary artery disease patients. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208156"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"103","article-title":"Epicardial fat and its association with cardiovascular risk: A cross-sectional observational study","volume":"11","author":"Mookadam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart Views Off. J. Gulf Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, Z., Coelho, D., Kokten, T., Alberto, J.-M., Umoret, R., Daval, J.-L., Gu\u00e9ant, J.-L., Bossenmeyer-Pouri\u00e9, C., and Pouri\u00e9, G. (2019). Brain Susceptibility to Methyl Donor Deficiency: From Fetal Programming to Aging Outcome in Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225692"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu045","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue and atrial fibrillation","volume":"102","author":"Hatem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004378","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004378","article-title":"Associations of Epicardial, Abdominal, and Overall Adiposity With Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"9","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E45","DOI":"10.25011\/cim.v38i1.22575","article-title":"Increased epicardial adipose tissue volume is associated with PR interval prolongation","volume":"38","author":"Hung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Investig. Med. Med. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-015-0221-0","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue and signs of metabolic syndrome in children","volume":"21","author":"Barbaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eat. Weight. Disord. EWD"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(89)90337-4","article-title":"Adipose tissue in the mammalian heart and pericardium: Structure, foetal development and biochemical properties","volume":"94","author":"Marchington","year":"1989","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c160034","article-title":"Role of Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease: A Matter of Fat?","volume":"7","author":"Gaborit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(83)90028-2","article-title":"Growth and development of human adipose tissue during early gestation","volume":"8","author":"Poissonnet","year":"1983","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(84)90106-3","article-title":"The chronology of adipose tissue appearance and distribution in the human fetus","volume":"10","author":"Poissonnet","year":"1984","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"247","article-title":"Adipose tissue growth patterns during human gestation: A histometric comparison of buccal and gluteal fat depots","volume":"9","author":"Burdi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1159\/000289817","article-title":"Developmental stages in human embryos: Revised and new measurements","volume":"192","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1159\/000112212","article-title":"Embryonic cardiac morphometry in Carnegie stages 15\u201323, from the Complutense University of Madrid Institute of Embryology Human Embryo Collection","volume":"187","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2019.03.006","article-title":"Flap valve of the heart foramen ovale revisited: Macroscopic and histologic observations of human near-term fetuses","volume":"224","author":"Suzuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Anat. Anat. Anz."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2019.0028","article-title":"Changes in topographical relation between the ductus arteriosus and left subclavian artery in human embryos: A study using serial sagittal sections","volume":"78","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092090212","article-title":"Embryonic length and cerebral landmarks in staged human embryos","volume":"209","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35896","article-title":"Development of the human heart","volume":"164","author":"Sylva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2019.24.4.220","article-title":"Perirenal and epicardial fat and their association with carotid intima-media thickness in children","volume":"24","author":"Osiniri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatric Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09992-3","article-title":"Lobular architecture of human adipose tissue defines the niche and fate of progenitor cells","volume":"10","author":"Boulet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273049","article-title":"The role of epicardial adipose tissue in cardiac biology: Classic concepts and emerging roles","volume":"595","author":"Antonopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2018.07.002","article-title":"Characterization of mouse pericardial fat: Regulation by PAPP-A","volume":"42","author":"Bale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1417232112","article-title":"Adipogenesis and epicardial adipose tissue: A novel fate of the epicardium induced by mesenchymal transformation and PPAR\u03b3 activation","volume":"112","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-219-44333","article-title":"Regulation of adipose cell development in utero","volume":"219","author":"Martin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2016.02.002","article-title":"Epigenetics of Obesity","volume":"140","author":"Lopomo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.03.009","article-title":"Epigenetics in Human Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Ling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2017.60.6.506","article-title":"What is fetal programming?: A lifetime health is under the control of in utero health","volume":"60","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1071\/RD9950539","article-title":"Nutrition and fetal growth","volume":"7","author":"Harding","year":"1995","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, C.M., Louise, J., Deussen, A., and Dodd, J.M. (2018). In Overweight or Obese Pregnant Women, Maternal Dietary Factors are not Associated with Fetal Growth and Adiposity. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070870"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-111435","article-title":"Second Trimester Fetal and Maternal Epicardial Fat Thickness in Gestational Diabetic Pregnancies","volume":"48","author":"Yavuz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.22602","article-title":"Increased fetal epicardial fat thickness: A novel ultrasound marker for altered fetal metabolism in diabetic pregnancies","volume":"46","author":"Akkurt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0807-3","article-title":"Epicardial fat tissue in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2017.03.017","article-title":"First-Trimester Fetal Echocardiography: Identification of Cardiac Structures for Screening from 6 to 13 Weeks\u2019 Gestational Age","volume":"30","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahir, M.J., Haapala, J.L., Foster, L.P., Duncan, K.M., Teague, A.M., Kharbanda, E.O., McGovern, P.M., Whitaker, K.M., Rasmussen, K.M., and Fields, D.A. (2019). Higher Maternal Diet Quality during Pregnancy and Lactation Is Associated with Lower Infant Weight-For-Length, Body Fat Percent, and Fat Mass in Early Postnatal Life. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030632"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dgz248","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz248","article-title":"Maternal Adipose Tissue Expansion, A Missing Link in the Prediction of Birth Weight Centile","volume":"105","author":"Jarvie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2009.10.013","article-title":"Echocardiographic epicardial fat: A review of research and clinical applications","volume":"22","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21956","article-title":"Diagnosis of major heart defects by routine first-trimester ultrasound examination: Association with increased nuchal translucency, tricuspid regurgitation and abnormal flow in ductus venosus","volume":"55","author":"Minnella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb164970","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.164970","article-title":"Adipose morphology and metabolic disease","volume":"221","author":"Tandon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/9\/2906\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:50:18Z","timestamp":1760165418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/9\/2906"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13092906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13092906","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]}}}