{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T22:23:00Z","timestamp":1789597380603,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of ferritin and the prevalence of iron deficiency in vegan and omnivorous individuals by taking into account the presence of elements that cause an elevation of ferritin levels, such as increased homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), body mass index (BMI), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) values. The parameters were evaluated in 1340 individuals, i.e., 422 men and 225 women who do not menstruate and 693 women who do menstruate, based on omnivorous or vegetarian eating habits. The progressive increase in BMI, HOMA-IR, and inflammation caused an elevation in ferritin concentration, regardless of the eating habits in the groups studied. In the overall sample, omnivores had a higher prevalence of obesity, higher ferritin levels, and a lower prevalence of iron deficiency (ferritin &lt; 30 ng\/mL). However, after the exclusion of individuals with inflammation (with overweight\/obesity and elevated hs-CRP levels), the actual iron deficiency was assessed and was not higher among vegetarians, except in women with regular menstrual cycles. Our data show that nutritional status and inflammation levels affect ferritin levels and may interfere with the correct diagnosis of iron deficiency in both vegetarian and omnivorous individuals. Compared to vegetarians, women who do not menstruate and men had the same prevalence of iron deficiency when following an omnivorous diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13092964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T09:27:57Z","timestamp":1629970077000},"page":"2964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Iron Deficiency in Vegetarian and Omnivorous Individuals: Analysis of 1340 Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9533-6310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Slywitch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Unifesp), Sao Paulo 04021-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7388-7616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carine","family":"Savalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Policy and Public Health, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Unifesp), Sao Paulo 04021-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Cl\u00e1udio Goulart","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8127-3323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Arlete Meil Schimith","family":"Escriv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Unifesp), Sao Paulo 04021-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12542","article-title":"Overview of iron metabolism in health and disease","volume":"21","author":"Dev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hemodial. 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