{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:06:12Z","timestamp":1791911172549,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation","award":["2019R1C1C1008623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1C1C1008623"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation","award":["2021R1A2C200954911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C200954911"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) may aggravate dry eye disease (DED). Corni Fructus (CF), which is fruit of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc., has been reported to have various beneficial pharmacological effects, whereas the effect of CF on the eye is still unknown. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of oral administration of water extract of CF (CFW) on the eye, hematology, and biochemistry in a DED model induced by topical exposure to PM2.5. Furthermore, the efficacy of CFW compared with cyclosporine (CsA), an anti-inflammatory agent, and lutein, the posterior eye-protective agent. Sprague-Dawley rats were topically administered 5 mg\/mL PM2.5 in both eyes four times daily for 14 days. During the same period, CFW (200 mg\/kg and 400 mg\/kg) and lutein (4.1 mg\/kg) were orally administered once a day. All eyes of rats in the 0.05% cyclosporine A (CsA)-treated group were topically exposed to 20 \u03bcL of CsA, twice daily for 14 days. Oral administration of CFW attenuated the PM2.5-induced reduction of tear secretion and corneal epithelial damage. In addition, CFW protected against goblet cell loss in conjunctiva and overexpression of inflammatory factors in the lacrimal gland following topical exposure to PM2.5. Furthermore, CFW markedly prevented PM2.5-induced ganglion cell loss and recovered the thickness of inner plexiform layer. Meanwhile, CFW treatment decreased the levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum induced by PM2.5. Importantly, the efficacy of CFW was superior or similar to that of CsA and lutein. Taken together, oral administration of CFW may have protective effects against PM2.5-induced DED symptoms via stabilization of the tear film and suppression of inflammation. Furthermore, CFW may in part contribute to improving retinal function and lipid metabolism disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13092986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T04:07:28Z","timestamp":1630382848000},"page":"2986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Protective Effect of Oral Application of Corni Fructus on the Disorders of the Cornea, Conjunctiva, Lacrimal Gland and Retina by Topical Particulate Matter 2.5"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3546-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyesook","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Yeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seon Yeong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da Hye","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3238-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2180-1205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun","family":"Hwangbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Nanobiotechnology Center, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheol","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su Hyun","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6878-0790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gi-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1454-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung Hyun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106706","article-title":"Reduced ambient PM2.5, better lung function, and decreased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"156","author":"Bo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. 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