{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:59:36Z","timestamp":1787029176482,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]],"date-time":"2021-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We evaluated associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level and severity of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in hospitalized patients. We assessed serum 25(OH)D level in 133 patients aged 21\u201393 years. Twenty-five (19%) patients had severe disease, 108 patients (81%) had moderate disease, and 18 (14%) patients died. 25(OH)D level ranged from 3.0 to 97.0 ng\/mL (median, 13.5 [25%; 75%, 9.6; 23.3] ng\/mL). Vitamin D deficiency was diagnosed in 90 patients, including 37 with severe deficiency. In patients with severe course of disease, 25(OH)D level was lower (median, 9.7 [25%; 75%, 6.0; 14.9] ng\/mL), and vitamin D deficiency was more common than in patients with moderate course (median, 14.6 [25%; 75%, 10.6; 24.4] ng\/mL, p = 0.003). In patients who died, 25(OH)D was 9.6 [25%; 75%, 6.0; 11.5] ng\/mL, compared with 14.8 [25%; 75%, 10.1; 24.3] ng\/mL in discharged patients (p = 0.001). Severe vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased risk of COVID-19 severity and fatal outcome. The threshold for 25(OH)D level associated with increased risk of severe course was 11.7 ng\/mL. Approximately the same 25(OH)D level, 10.9 ng\/mL, was associated with increased risk of mortality. Thus, most COVID-19 patients have vitamin D deficiency; severe vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 severity and fatal outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T04:07:28Z","timestamp":1630382848000},"page":"3021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Low 25(OH)D Level Is Associated with Severe Course and Poor Prognosis in COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tatiana L.","family":"Karonova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4878-6909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alena T.","family":"Andreeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ksenia A.","family":"Golovatuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina S.","family":"Bykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3300-1280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna V.","family":"Simanenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Vashukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botkin Clinical Infectious Hospital, 195067 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1439-3285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William B.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny V.","family":"Shlyakhto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency as a factor for immunity stimulation and lower risk of acute respiratory infections and COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Karonova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arter. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.05.006","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"22","author":"Zemb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Antimicrob. 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