{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T22:42:12Z","timestamp":1790462532984,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015723","name":"Universit\u00e9 Clermont-Auvergne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I-SITE Cap2025 WOW"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I-SITE Cap2025 WOW"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015723","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010115","name":"R\u00e9gion Auvergne-Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["European Funding for Regional Developments (FEDER) from the French Region Auvergne Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes (Pack Ambition Recherche Dysfibre)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["European Funding for Regional Developments (FEDER) from the French Region Auvergne Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes (Pack Ambition Recherche Dysfibre)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010115","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary fibers have well-known beneficial effects on human health, but their anti-infectious properties against human enteric pathogens have been poorly investigated. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the main agent of travelers\u2019 diarrhea, against which targeted preventive strategies are currently lacking. ETEC pathogenesis relies on multiple virulence factors allowing interactions with the intestinal mucosal layer and toxins triggering the onset of diarrheal symptoms. Here, we used complementary in vitro assays to study the antagonistic properties of eight fiber-containing products from cereals, legumes or microbes against the prototypical human ETEC strain H10407. Inhibitory effects of these products on the pathogen were tested through growth, toxin production and mucus\/cell adhesion inhibition assays. None of the tested compounds inhibited ETEC strain H10407 growth, while lentil extract was able to decrease heat labile toxin (LT) concentration in culture media. Lentil extract and specific yeast cell walls also interfered with ETEC strain H10407 adhesion to mucin beads and human intestinal cells. These results constitute a first step in the use of dietary fibers as a nutritional strategy to prevent ETEC infection. Further work will be dedicated to the study of fiber\/ETEC interactions within a complex gut microbial background.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T03:46:14Z","timestamp":1631591174000},"page":"3188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["In Vitro Evaluation of Dietary Fiber Anti-Infectious Properties against Food-Borne Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Sauvaitre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Sant\u00e9 (MEDIS), Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Durif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Sant\u00e9 (MEDIS), Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeline","family":"Sivignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1071 UCA Inserm USC-INRAE 2018 Microbes Intestin Inflammation et Susceptibilit\u00e9 de l\u2019H\u00f4te (M2iSH), Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Chalancon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Sant\u00e9 (MEDIS), Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Van de Wiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6104-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucie","family":"Etienne-Mesmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Sant\u00e9 (MEDIS), Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Blanquet-Diot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 454 UCA-INRAE Microbiologie Environnement DIgestif et Sant\u00e9 (MEDIS), Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00375-4","article-title":"Dietary Fibre in Gastrointestinal Health and Disease","volume":"18","author":"Gill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-102215-095316","article-title":"The Critical Roles of Polysaccharides in Gut Microbial Ecology and Physiology","volume":"71","author":"Porter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223490","article-title":"Interactions Between the Microbiota and the Immune System","volume":"336","author":"Hooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.012","article-title":"The Impact of Dietary Fiber on Gut Microbiota in Host Health and Disease","volume":"23","author":"Makki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6293","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6293","article-title":"Isolation of Wheat Bran-Colonizing and Metabolizing Species from the Human Fecal Microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Verspreet","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0550-5","article-title":"Microbial Succession during Wheat Bran Fermentation and Colonisation by Human Faecal Microbiota as a Result of Niche Diversification","volume":"14","author":"Verspreet","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fuaa052","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa052","article-title":"Tripartite Relationship between Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Mucus and Dietary Fibers: Towards Preventive Strategies against Enteric Infections","volume":"45","author":"Sauvaitre","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.03.019","article-title":"Water-Based Oligochitosan and Nanowhisker Chitosan as Potential Food Preservatives for Shelf-Life Extension of Minced Pork","volume":"159","author":"Chantarasataporn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.06.046","article-title":"Engineering of Chitosan-Derived Nanoparticles to Enhance Antimicrobial Activity against Foodborne Pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7","volume":"197","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10700","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b00894","article-title":"Chitosan Microparticles Exert Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity against Antibiotic-Resistant Micro-Organisms without Increasing Resistance","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.04.003","article-title":"Effects of Citrox and Chitosan on the Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in Vacuum-Packaged Turkey Meat","volume":"58","author":"Vardaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.59.417","article-title":"Inhibition of Cholera Toxin by Human Milk Fractions and Sialyllactose","volume":"59","author":"Idota","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.01.100","article-title":"Pectic Oligosaccharide Structure-Function Relationships: Prebiotics, Inhibitors of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Adhesion and Reduction of Shiga Toxin Cytotoxicity in HT29 Cells","volume":"227","author":"Di","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6895","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11944","article-title":"Characterization and Bioactivities of the Exopolysaccharide from a Probiotic Strain of Lactobacillus plantarum WLPL04","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451900134X","article-title":"Oligosaccharides in Goats\u2019 Milk-Based Infant Formula and Their Prebiotic and Anti-Infection Properties","volume":"122","author":"Leong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.043","article-title":"A Dietary Fiber-Deprived Gut Microbiota Degrades the Colonic Mucus Barrier and Enhances Pathogen Susceptibility","volume":"167","author":"Desai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taw097","article-title":"Medications for the Prevention and Treatment of Travellers\u2019 Diarrhea","volume":"24","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e568","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30076-2","article-title":"The Incidence, Aetiology, and Adverse Clinical Consequences of Less Severe Diarrhoeal Episodes among Infants and Children Residing in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: A 12-Month Case-Control Study as a Follow-on to the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)","volume":"7","author":"Kotloff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.5603\/IMH.2019.0039","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Infections in Returned Travelers","volume":"70","author":"Fedor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Marit. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1982.tb09452.x","article-title":"Colonization of the upper jejunum by enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in paediatric diarrhoea","volume":"71","author":"Stintzing","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.2.869-875.2006","article-title":"Importance of Heat-Labile Enterotoxin in Colonization of the Adult Mouse Small Intestine by Human Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Strains","volume":"74","author":"Allen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01078-13","article-title":"EatA, an Immunogenic Protective Antigen of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Degrades Intestinal Mucin","volume":"82","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.02.020","article-title":"YghJ, the Secreted Metalloprotease of Pathogenic E. coli Induces Hemorrhagic Fluid Accumulation in Mouse Ileal Loop","volume":"105","author":"Tapader","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aambs.2014.09.003","article-title":"Colonization Factors of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"90","author":"Sakellaris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.3.465-483.2005","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Developing Countries: Epidemiology, Microbiology, Clinical Features, Treatment, and Prevention","volume":"18","author":"Qadri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00401.x","article-title":"Weapons of Mass Destruction: Virulence Factors of the Global Killer Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"263","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.59.69","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Milk Gangliosides on the Adhesion of Escherichia coli to Human Intestinal Carcinoma Cells","volume":"59","author":"Idota","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2012.02.013","article-title":"Soluble Plantain Fibre Blocks Adhesion and M-Cell Translocation of Intestinal Pathogens","volume":"24","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.08.078","article-title":"Gangliosides and Sialic Acid Effects upon Newborn Pathogenic Bacteria Adhesion: An in vitro Study","volume":"136","author":"Salcedo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1017\/S095442241700004X","article-title":"Dietary Fibre in Europe: Current State of Knowledge on Definitions, Sources, Recommendations, Intakes and Relationships to Health","volume":"30","author":"Stephen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.17.1.105-111.1977","article-title":"Patterns of Loss of Enterotoxigenicity by Escherichia coli Isolated from Adults with Diarrhea: Suggestive Evidence for an Interrelationship with Serotype","volume":"17","author":"Evans","year":"1977","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02122706","article-title":"Evaluation of a Defined Medium for the Production of Both Thermolabile (LT) and Thermostable (ST) Enterotoxins OfEscherichia Coli","volume":"171","author":"Fontes","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"120","article-title":"Antibody against Recombinant Heat Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit (RLTB) Could Block LT Binding to Ganglioside M1 Receptor","volume":"2","author":"Salimian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roussel, C., de Paepe, K., Galia, W., de Bodt, J., Chalancon, S., Leriche, F., Ballet, N., Denis, S., Alric, M., and Van de Wiele, T. (2020). Spatial and Temporal Modulation of Enterotoxigenic E. coli H10407 Pathogenesis and Interplay with Microbiota in Human Gut Models. BMC Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-020-00860-x"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10959-4","article-title":"Comparative Methods for Fecal Sample Storage to Preserve Gut Microbial Structure and Function in an in vitro Model of the Human Colon","volume":"104","author":"Deschamps","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deehan, E.C., Duar, R.M., Armet, A.M., Perez-Mu\u00f1oz, M.E., Jin, M., and Walter, J. (2017). Modulation of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome with Nondigestible Fermentable Carbohydrates To Improve Human Health. Microbiol. Spectr., 5.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAD-0019-2017"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.01.019","article-title":"Trends in Dietary Fiber Intake in the United States, 1999\u20132008","volume":"112","author":"King","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2010). Scientific Opinion on the Substantiation of Health Claims Related to Dietary Fibre (ID 744, 745, 746, 748, 749, 753, 803, 810, 855, 1415, 1416, 4308, 4330) Pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924\/2006. EFSA J., 8, 1735.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1735"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1290756","article-title":"Dietary Fiber and Prebiotics and the Gastrointestinal Microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Holscher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2016.02.007","article-title":"Physiology of Intestinal Absorption and Secretion","volume":"30","author":"Kiela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.23.3.729-736.1979","article-title":"Immunity to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"23","author":"Levine","year":"1979","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv593","article-title":"Transcriptomic Analysis of the Host Response and Innate Resilience to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection in Humans","volume":"213","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.02.032","article-title":"Review on Pathogenicity Mechanism of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vaccines against It","volume":"117","author":"Mirhoseini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891852","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1891852","article-title":"Intestinal and Systemic Inflammation Induced by Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Enterotoxigenic E. coli Infection and Impact on Intestinal Colonization and ETEC Specific Immune Responses in an Experimental Human Challenge Model","volume":"13","author":"Brubaker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asadpoor, M., Peeters, C., Henricks, P.A.J., Varasteh, S., Pieters, R.J., Folkerts, G., and Braber, S. (2020). Anti-Pathogenic Functions of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides In Vitro. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061789"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01802","article-title":"Diet-Microbe-Host Interactions That Affect Gut Mucosal Integrity and Infection Resistance","volume":"10","author":"Forgie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06092-x","article-title":"Microbiome Composition in Pediatric Populations from Birth to Adolescence: Impact of Diet and Prebiotic and Probiotic Interventions","volume":"65","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7649","DOI":"10.1021\/jf101379y","article-title":"First Characterization of Bioactive Components in Soybean Tempe That Protect Human and Animal Intestinal Cells against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Infection","volume":"58","author":"Schols","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4863","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03137-09","article-title":"Exopolysaccharide Synthesized by Lactobacillus reuteri Decreases the Ability of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli To Bind to Porcine Erythrocytes","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"AEM"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.07.035","article-title":"Screening of Extracts from Natural Feed Ingredients for Their Ability to Reduce Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 Adhesion to Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cell-Line IPEC-J2","volume":"167","author":"Hermes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513003024","article-title":"Screening the Ability of Natural Feed Ingredients to Interfere with the Adherence of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 to the Porcine Intestinal Mucus","volume":"111","author":"Hermes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3884","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00690C","article-title":"Exopolysaccharides from Olive Brines Could Reduce the Adhesion of ETEC K88 to Intestinal Epithelial Cells","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7432845","article-title":"Chitosan Modulates Inflammatory Responses in Rats Infected with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"2016","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-013-1245-y","article-title":"Polysaccharide Hydrolysis with Engineered Escherichia coli for the Production of Biocommodities","volume":"40","author":"Martinez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.05.040","article-title":"Adhesion of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Strains to Neoglycans Synthesised with Prebiotic Galactooligosaccharides","volume":"141","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5752","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01782-14","article-title":"Exopolysaccharides Synthesized by Lactobacillus reuteri Protect against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Piglets","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.04068.x","article-title":"Fermented Soya Bean (Tempe) Extracts Reduce Adhesion of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to Intestinal Epithelial Cells","volume":"106","author":"Nout","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001276","article-title":"A1,2-Fucosyllactose Does Not Improve Intestinal Function or Prevent Escherichia coli F18 Diarrhea in Newborn Pigs","volume":"64","author":"Cilieborg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"751","article-title":"Continuous in Vitro Exposure of Intestinal Epithelial Cells to E171 Food Additive Causes Oxidative Stress, Inducing Oxidation of DNA Bases but No Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress","volume":"11","author":"Dorier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.01.042","article-title":"Exploring the Usefulness of the Complex in Vitro Intestinal Epithelial Model Caco-2\/HT29\/Raji-B in Nanotoxicology","volume":"113","author":"Vila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142324","article-title":"Repeated Exposure of Caco-2 versus Caco-2\/HT29-MTX Intestinal Cell Models to (Nano)Silver in Vitro: Comparison of Two Commercially Available Colloidal Silver Products","volume":"754","author":"Gillois","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02006-05","article-title":"The Major Subunit, CfaB, of Colonization Factor Antigen I from Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Is a Glycosphingolipid Binding Protein","volume":"74","author":"Jansson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01571-08","article-title":"Children with the Le(A+b\u2212) Blood Group Have Increased Susceptibility to Diarrhea Caused by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Expressing Colonization Factor I Group Fimbriae","volume":"77","author":"Ahmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"IAI"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01562-15","article-title":"Binding of CFA\/I Pili of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to Asialo-GM1 Is Mediated by the Minor Pilin CfaE","volume":"84","author":"Madhavan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheikh, A., Rashu, R., Begum, Y.A., Kuhlman, F.M., Ciorba, M.A., Hultgren, S.J., Qadri, F., and Fleckenstein, J.M. (2017). Highly Conserved Type 1 Pili Promote Enterotoxigenic E. coli Pathogen-Host Interactions. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005586"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630006307","article-title":"Three Dimensional Modeling of C-Terminal Loop of CssA Subunit in CS6 of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Its Interaction with the 70 KDa Domain of Fibronectin","volume":"6","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformation"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/9\/3188\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:02:15Z","timestamp":1760166135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/9\/3188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13093188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13093188","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]}}}