{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T15:26:12Z","timestamp":1774452372519,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["308552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308552"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007247","name":"Svenska Kulturfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["167797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["167797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent evidence has suggested potential harmful effects of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy on offspring brain development, for example, elevated risks for neuropsychiatric disorders. Findings on general cognition and academic achievement are mixed, and no studies have examined the effect of prenatal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels on diagnosed specific learning disorders, which was the aim of this study. We examined a nested case\u2013control sample from the source cohort of all singleton-born children in Finland between 1996 and 1997 (n = 115,730). A total of 1607 cases with specific learning disorders (mean age at diagnosis: 9.9 years) and 1607 matched controls were identified from Finnish nationwide registers. Maternal 25(OH)D levels were analyzed from serum samples collected during the first trimester of pregnancy and stored in a national biobank. Conditional logistic regression was used to test the association between maternal 25(OH)D and offspring specific learning disorders. There were no significant associations between maternal 25(OH)D levels and specific learning disorders when vitamin D was examined as a log-transformed continuous variable (adjusted OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.82\u20131.18, p = 0.84) or as a categorical variable (25(OH)D &lt; 30 nmol\/L: adjusted OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.83\u20131.28, p = 0.77 compared to levels of &gt;50 nmol\/L), nor when it was divided into quintiles (adjusted OR for the lowest quintile 1.00, 95% CI 0.78\u20131.28, p = 0.99 compared to the highest quintile). This study found no association between low maternal 25(OH)D in early pregnancy and offspring specific learning disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:30:33Z","timestamp":1632443433000},"page":"3321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prenatal Vitamin D Levels in Maternal Sera and Offspring Specific Learning Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2715-1533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Arrhenius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"INVEST Research Flagship, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subina","family":"Upadhyaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"INVEST Research Flagship, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Hinkka-Yli-Salom\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"INVEST Research Flagship, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan S.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keely","family":"Cheslack-Postava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"\u00d6hman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Biobank Borealis of Northern Finland, Oulu University Hospital, 90014 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Sourander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"INVEST Research Flagship, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2004.08.006","article-title":"Distribution of the Vitamin D Receptor and 1 Alpha-Hydroxylase in Human Brain","volume":"29","author":"Eyles","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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