{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T22:04:47Z","timestamp":1770069887443,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cuthbertson and Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health, University of Calgary","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eating disorders (EDs) are often reported to have the highest mortality of any mental health disorder. However, this assertion is based on clinical samples, which may provide an inaccurate view of the actual risks in the population. Hence, in the current retrospective cohort study, mortality of self-reported lifetime history of EDs in the general population was explored. The data source was the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being (CCHS 1.2), linked to a national mortality database. The survey sample was representative of the Canadian household population (mean age = 43.95 years, 50.9% female). The survey inquired about the history of professionally diagnosed chronic conditions, including EDs. Subsequently, the survey dataset was linked to the national mortality dataset (for the date of death) up to 2017. Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the effect of EDs on mortality. The unadjusted-hazard ratio (HR) for the lifetime history of an ED was 1.35 (95% CI 0.70\u20132.58). However, the age\/sex-adjusted HR increased to 4.5 (95% CI 2.33\u20138.84), which was over two times higher than age\/sex-adjusted HRs for other mental disorders (schizophrenia\/psychosis, mood-disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder). In conclusion, all-cause mortality of self-reported lifetime history of EDs in the household population was markedly elevated and considerably higher than that of other self-reported disorders. This finding replicates prior findings in a population-representative sample and provides a definitive quantification of increased risk of mortality in EDs, which was previously lacking. Furthermore, it highlights the seriousness of EDs and an urgent need for strategies that may help to improve long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:30:33Z","timestamp":1632443433000},"page":"3333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Self-Reported Lifetime History of Eating Disorders and Mortality in the General Population: A Canadian Population Survey with Record Linkage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pardis","family":"Pedram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Foothills Medical Centre, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Foothills, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9871-4041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott B.","family":"Patten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Foothills Medical Centre, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Foothills, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"O\u2019Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary Foothills, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada"},{"name":"Cuthbertson & Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew G. M.","family":"Bulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Foothills Medical Centre, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Foothills, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"O\u2019Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary Foothills, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanne V. A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Dimitropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Foothills Medical Centre, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Foothills, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"O\u2019Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary Foothills, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy342","article-title":"Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000\u20132018 period: A systematic literature review","volume":"109","author":"Galmiche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-016-0264-x","article-title":"A systematic review of the health-related quality of life and economic burdens of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder","volume":"21","author":"Supina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord. Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22501","article-title":"Mortality in eating disorders\u2014Results of a large prospective clinical longitudinal study","volume":"49","author":"Fichter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.179","article-title":"Predictors of mortality in eating disorders","volume":"60","author":"Keel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13261","article-title":"Five-year mortality of severely malnourished patients with chronic anorexia nervosa admitted to a medical unit","volume":"143","author":"Guinhut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20715","article-title":"Mortality and predictors of death in a cohort of patients presenting to an eating disorders service","volume":"43","author":"Button","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09020247","article-title":"Increased mortality in bulimia nervosa and other eating disorders","volume":"166","author":"Crow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0282-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates","volume":"14","author":"Smink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000228759.95237.78","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders","volume":"19","author":"Hoek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.04.001","article-title":"Suicidality in eating disorders: Occurrence, correlates, and clinical implications","volume":"26","author":"Franko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"e10047","article-title":"What\u2019s the risk: Differentiating risk ratios, odds ratios, and hazard ratios?","volume":"12","author":"George","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181c1ea43","article-title":"The hazards of hazard ratios","volume":"21","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.07.042","article-title":"Mortality in eating disorders: A follow-up study of adult eating disorder patients treated in tertiary care, 1995\u20132010","volume":"210","author":"Suokas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000641","article-title":"Review of the burden of eating disorders: Mortality, disability, costs, quality of life, and family burden","volume":"33","author":"Hoek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.197","article-title":"Excess mortality associated with eating disorders: Population-based cohort study","volume":"219","author":"Iwajomo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32316-5","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of mortality-related health metrics associated with mental disorders: A nationwide, register-based cohort study","volume":"394","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2014.915694","article-title":"Correlates of suicide ideation and attempts in children and adolescents with eating disorders","volume":"22","author":"Mayes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.720","article-title":"Factors associated with treatment seeking in a community sample of European American and Mexican American women with eating disorders","volume":"14","author":"Cachelin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0157-z","article-title":"Self-reported history of anorexia nervosa and current quality of life: Findings from a community-based study","volume":"22","author":"Mitchison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.03.004","article-title":"Unmet need for treatment in the eating disorders: A systematic review of eating disorder specific treatment seeking among community cases","volume":"31","author":"Hart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.288","article-title":"What predicts failure to engage in or drop out from treatment for bulimia nervosa and what implications does this have for treatment?","volume":"8","author":"Bell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother. Int. J. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20277","article-title":"Reliability of self-reported eating disorders: Optimizing population screening","volume":"39","author":"Sihvola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61603-0","article-title":"Self-reported health as a predictor of mortality: A cohort study of its relation to other health measurements and observation time","volume":"10","author":"Lorem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2021, July 30). Statistics-Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 1.2 Mental Health and Well-Being Public Use Microdata File Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/www23.statcan.gc.ca\/imdb-bmdi\/document\/3226_DLI_D1_T22_V2-eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370505001002","article-title":"The Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental health and well-being","volume":"50","author":"Gravel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905400606","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of chronic depression in the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental health and well-being","volume":"54","author":"Satyanarayana","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2021, July 30). Statistics-Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey\u2014Annual Component (CCHS). Available online: https:\/\/www23.statcan.gc.ca\/imdb\/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3226."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.08.030","article-title":"Major depressive episodes and mortality in the Canadian household population","volume":"242","author":"Patten","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"10","article-title":"Linking the Canadian Community Health Survey and the Canadian Mortality Database: An enhanced data source for the study of mortality","volume":"27","author":"Sanmartin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2021, July 30). Canadian-Research-Data-Centre-Network, Prairie Regional RDC. Available online: https:\/\/crdcn.org\/prairie-regional-rdc-history."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.6.1024","article-title":"Weight criteria for diagnosis of anorexia nervosa","volume":"157","author":"Hebebrand","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2021, July 30). StatisticsCanada, Body Mass Index (BMI) Nomogram. Available online: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/food-nutrition\/healthy-eating\/healthy-weights\/canadian-guidelines-body-weight-classification-adults\/body-mass-index-nomogram.html."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, September 21). Body Mass Index\u2014BMI. Available online: https:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/disease-prevention\/nutrition\/a-healthy-lifestyle\/body-mass-index-bmi."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2021, September 08). Canadian Community Health Survey-Annual Component (CCHS), Variable(s). 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www23.statcan.gc.ca\/imdb\/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvVariableList&Id=1208978."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22249","article-title":"Mortality following hospital discharge with a diagnosis of eating disorder: National record linkage study, England, 2001\u20132009","volume":"47","author":"Hoang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12070868","article-title":"A longitudinal investigation of mortality in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa","volume":"170","author":"Franko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0923-z","article-title":"Stigma resistance in eating disorders","volume":"50","author":"Griffiths","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000480","article-title":"The effects of stigma on recovery attitudes in people with anorexia nervosa in intensive treatment","volume":"204","author":"Dimitropoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22353","article-title":"The prevalence and adverse associations of stigmatization in people with eating disorders","volume":"48","author":"Griffiths","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00042.x","article-title":"Attitudes toward seeking professional help for an eating disorder: The role of stigma and anticipated outcomes","volume":"88","author":"Hackler","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Couns. Dev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-2974-2-15","article-title":"Changing the course of comorbid eating disorders and depression: What is the role of public health interventions in targeting shared risk factors?","volume":"2","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20987","article-title":"Severe anorexia nervosa in men: Comparison with severe AN in women and analysis of mortality","volume":"45","author":"Gueguen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09890.x","article-title":"Mortality in anorexia nervosa in Denmark during the period 1970\u20131987","volume":"94","author":"Nystrup","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0766-x","article-title":"What is the impact of underweight on self-reported health trajectories and mortality rates: A cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Lorem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2014.07.017","article-title":"Re-examining premature mortality in anorexia nervosa: A meta-analysis redux","volume":"55","author":"Keshaviah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20827","article-title":"Mortality of eating disorders: A follow-up study of treatment in a specialist unit 1974\u20132000","volume":"44","author":"Rosling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107667","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of eating disorders, comorbid mental health problems, malnutrition and physical health consequences","volume":"217","author":"Himmerich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.09.014","article-title":"Relationship between malnutrition and depression or anxiety in Anorexia Nervosa: A critical review of the literature","volume":"132","author":"Mattar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.138","article-title":"Malnutrition and hemodynamic status in adolescents hospitalized for anorexia nervosa","volume":"164","author":"DiVasta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwinger, C., Golden, M.H., Grellety, E., Roberfroid, D., and Guesdon, B. (2019). Severe acute malnutrition and mortality in children in the community: Comparison of indicators in a multi-country pooled analysis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219745"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2012.10.012","article-title":"Prevalence and measures of nutritional compromise among nursing home patients: Weight loss, low body mass index, malnutrition, and feeding dependency, a systematic review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Bell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.01.011","article-title":"Reference body mass index values and the prevalence of malnutrition according to the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria","volume":"39","author":"Maeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.02.022","article-title":"Factors associated with weight loss, low BMI, and malnutrition among nursing home patients: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Tamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370605100407","article-title":"Self-reported diagnoses of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders may be valuable for monitoring and surveillance","volume":"51","author":"Supina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.117.202606","article-title":"Mortality gap for people with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: UK-based cohort study 2000\u20132014","volume":"211","author":"Hayes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74","article-title":"Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: A meta-analysis of 36 studies","volume":"68","author":"Arcelus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20128","article-title":"Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: A meta-review","volume":"13","author":"Chesney","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.08.001","article-title":"The enigma of male eating disorders: A critical review and synthesis","volume":"57","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22965","article-title":"Barriers to seeking treatment for eating disorders: The role of self-recognition in understanding gender disparities in who seeks help","volume":"51","author":"Grillot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2012.715512","article-title":"Eating disorders in men: Underdiagnosed, undertreated, and misunderstood","volume":"20","author":"Strother","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ogx.0000546164.34415.b6","article-title":"Canada\u2019s universal health-care system: Achieving its potential","volume":"73","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034902","article-title":"Suicide attempts in women with eating disorders","volume":"122","author":"Pisetsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20802","article-title":"Nature and prevalence of combinations of mental disorders and their association with excess mortality in a population-based cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Musliner","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.6.424","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in health care use: Does universal coverage reduce inequalities in health?","volume":"57","author":"Veugelers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/10\/3333\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:04:07Z","timestamp":1760166247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/10\/3333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13103333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13103333","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]}}}