{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T21:18:02Z","timestamp":1793222282294,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]],"date-time":"2021-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D and zinc are important components of nutritional immunity. This study compared the serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and zinc in COVID-19 outpatients with those of potentially non-infected participants. The association of clinical symptoms with vitamin D and zinc status was also examined. A checklist and laboratory examination were applied to collect data in a cross-sectional study conducted on 53 infected outpatients with COVID-19 and 53 potentially non-infected participants. Serum concentration of 25(OH)D were not significantly lower in patients with moderate illness (19 \u00b1 12 ng\/mL) than patients with asymptomatic or mild illness (29 \u00b1 18 ng\/mL), with a trend noted for a lower serum concentration of 25(OH)D in moderate than asymptomatic or mild illness patients (p = 0.054). Infected patients (101 \u00b1 18 \u00b5g\/dL) showed a lower serum concentration of zinc than potentially non-infected participants (114 \u00b1 13 \u00b5g\/dL) (p = 0.01). Patients with normal (odds ratio (OR), 0.19; p \u2264 0.001) and insufficient (OR, 0.3; p = 0.007) vitamin D status at the second to seventh days of disease had decreased OR of general symptoms compared to patients with vitamin D deficiency. This study revealed the importance of 25(OH)D measurement to predict the progression of general and pulmonary symptoms and showed that infected patients had significantly lower zinc concentrations than potentially non-infected participants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T21:40:30Z","timestamp":1632778830000},"page":"3368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Association between Vitamin D and Zinc Status and the Progression of Clinical Symptoms among Outpatients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Potentially Non-Infected Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1210-7222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar","family":"Golabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan 6313833177, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Adelipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Mobarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan 6313833177, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maghsud","family":"Piri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vice Chancellor for Health, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan 6313833177, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1599-9374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Seyedtabib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6572-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuhiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damoon","family":"Ashtary-Larky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Maghsoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Health, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan 6313833177, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahshid","family":"Naghashpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan 6313833177, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2020.02","article-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic and Comparative Health Policy Learning in Iran","volume":"23","author":"Raoofi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. 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