{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:23:03Z","timestamp":1760235783168,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The elderly are at great risk of developing life-threatening disturbances in calcium\u2013magnesium\u2013phosphate homeostasis because of comorbidities, long-term medication use, and dietary deficiencies, but it is still not known how often they occur in this group of patients. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of these disturbances in a group of hospitalized patients over 65 years of age according to age and sex. The study was conducted between January 2018 and September 2020 at the Central Clinical Hospital in Warsaw. A total of 66,450 calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and vitamin D concentration results were included in the analysis. Dysmagnesemia was present in 33% of the calcium results, dyscalcemia, dysphosphatemia, and dysvitaminosis D\u2014in 23.5%, 26%, and 70% of the results, respectively. The magnesium concentration was found to be age-dependent, and older people were found to be at higher risk of developing abnormal magnesium concentrations (p &lt; 0.001). Sex influenced the occurrence of abnormal magnesium (p &lt; 0.001), vitamin D (p &lt; 0.001), and calcium (p &lt; 0.00001) concentrations, with hypercalcemia and hypervitaminosis D disorders being significantly more common in women (p &lt; 0.0001). In conclusion, disorders of the calcium\u2013magnesium\u2013phosphate metabolism are common in hospitalized patients over 65 years of age, and the concentrations of these substances should be routinely monitored in this group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T21:40:30Z","timestamp":1632778830000},"page":"3395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dysmagnesemia Is the Most Common Disturbance of the Calcium\u2013Magnesium\u2013Phosphorous Balance among Older Hospitalized People in Warsaw"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Justyna","family":"Malinowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School at Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5291-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Ma\u0142ecka-Gie\u0142dowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School at Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Central Laboratory, Central Teaching Hospital of University Clinical Center of Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3694-4076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Ciepiela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School at Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Central Laboratory, Central Teaching Hospital of University Clinical Center of Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckx159","article-title":"Demographic trends and public health in Europe","volume":"27","author":"England","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Eurostat (2021, August 10). Ageing Europe Looking at the Lives of Older People in the EU. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/en\/web\/products-statistical-books\/-\/KS-02-19-681."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.12.005","article-title":"Frailty and nutrition: From epidemiological and clinical evidence to potential mechanisms","volume":"68","author":"Yannakoulia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2013.12.006","article-title":"Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Abnormalities in the Emergency Department","volume":"32","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2012.06.037","article-title":"Electrolyte Disorders in Community Subjects: Prevalence and Risk Factors","volume":"126","author":"Liamis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosique-Esteban, N., Guasch-Ferr\u00e9, M., Hern\u00e1ndez-Alonso, P., and Salas-Salvad\u00f3, J. (2018). Dietary Magnesium and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review with Emphasis in Epidemiological Studies. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020168"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.085167","article-title":"Serum magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium are associated with risk of incident heart failure: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study","volume":"100","author":"Lutsey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.03.035","article-title":"Serum magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium levels and subclinical calcific aortic valve disease: A population-based study","volume":"273","author":"Hisamatsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Garach, A., Garc\u00eda-Fontana, B., and Mu\u00f1oz-Torres, M. (2019). Vitamin D Status, Calcium Intake and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes: An Unresolved Issue. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030642"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1389","article-title":"Dietary magnesium intake, bone mineral density and risk of fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Saneei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.5.1232","article-title":"Osteoporosis: The role of micronutrients","volume":"81","author":"Nieves","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.05.026","article-title":"Minerals and Sarcopenia; The Role of Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Selenium, Sodium, and Zinc on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, and Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review","volume":"19","author":"Abdelrazek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02226.x","article-title":"Vitamin D and the elderly","volume":"62","author":"Mosekilde","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malinowska, J., Ma\u0142ecka, M., and Ciepiela, O. (2020). Variations in Magnesium Concentration Are Associated with Increased Mortality: Study in an Unselected Population of Hospitalized Patients. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061836"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R106","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12756","article-title":"Assessment and clinical course of hypocalcemia in critical illness","volume":"17","author":"Steele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61459-4","article-title":"Hidden Hypocalcemia as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Events and All-Cause Mortality among Patients Undergoing Incident Hemodialysis","volume":"10","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.05.029","article-title":"Prevalence and predictive value of hypocalcemia in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23290","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023290","article-title":"The relationship between magnesium levels and mortality in the respiratory intensive care unit","volume":"99","author":"Cirik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"144","article-title":"Association of hypophosphatemia with failure-to-wean from mechanical ventilation","volume":"40","author":"Alsumrain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"19","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia in critically ill medical patients","volume":"59","author":"Limaye","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.04.023","article-title":"Dysmagnesemia in hospitalized patients: Prevalence and prognostic im-portance","volume":"90","author":"Cheungpasitporn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.10.008","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and hypovitaminosis D in elderly with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"40","author":"Goncalves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002312","article-title":"Abnormal Calcium Levels During Trauma Resuscitation Are Associated with Increased Mortality, Increased Blood Product Use, and Greater Hospital Resource Consumption","volume":"125","author":"MacKay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesia Analg."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"9","article-title":"Incidence of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia in hospitalized patients: Is it changing?","volume":"13","author":"Catalano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2018.09.004","article-title":"Primary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"32","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09529-5","article-title":"A clinical perspective of parathyroid hormone related hypercalcaemia","volume":"21","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.02.012","article-title":"Changing incidence of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D values above 50 ng\/mL: A 10-year population-based study","volume":"90","author":"Dudenkov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2018.05.006","article-title":"Hypocalcemic disorders","volume":"32","author":"Mannstadt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"158","article-title":"Hypocalcemia: Updates in diagnosis and management for primary care","volume":"58","author":"Fong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-008-0020-y","article-title":"Calcium and vitamin D: Skeletal and extraskeletal health","volume":"10","author":"Khazai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03476.x","article-title":"Correlates and Prevalence of Insufficient 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status in Black and White Older Adults: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study","volume":"59","author":"Shea","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3754-9","article-title":"Cut-points for associations between vitamin D status and multiple musculoskeletal outcomes in middle-aged women","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.234","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in 2010: Health benefits of vitamin D and sunlight: A D-bate","volume":"7","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P23","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0736","article-title":"Current vitamin D status in European and Middle East countries and strategies to prevent vitamin D deficiency: A position statement of the European Calcified Tissue Society","volume":"180","author":"Lips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.02.017","article-title":"Prevalence of hypercalcemia related to hypervitaminosis D in clinical practice","volume":"35","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13573","article-title":"A review of the growing risk of vitamin D toxicity from inappropriate practice","volume":"84","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000769","article-title":"Does Hypomagnesemia Impact on the Outcome of Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"47","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-018-0291-y","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia in critically ill patients","volume":"6","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intensiv. Care"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.10.013","article-title":"Magnesium disorders: Myth or facts?","volume":"70","author":"Catalano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"41","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia","volume":"74","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Belg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R205","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12900","article-title":"Hypophosphatemia during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration is associated with mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haider, D.G., Lindner, G., Wolzt, M., Ahmad, S.S., Sauter, T.C., Leichtle, A.B., Fiedler, G.-M., Fuhrmann, V., and Exadaktylos, A.K. (2015). Hyperphosphatemia Is an Independent Risk Factor for Mortality in Critically Ill Patients: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133426"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Xiao, C., Chen, L., Zhang, X., and Kou, Q. (2019). Impact of hypophosphatemia on outcome of patients in intensive care unit: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Anesthesiol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-019-0746-2"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.553198","article-title":"Relation Between Serum Phosphate Level and Cardiovascular Event Rate in People with Coronary Disease","volume":"112","author":"Tonelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.205192","article-title":"The Predicting Ability of Serum Phosphorus to Assess the Duration of Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Patients","volume":"6","author":"Talakoub","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/10\/3395\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:05:46Z","timestamp":1760166346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/10\/3395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13103395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13103395","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]}}}