{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:59:30Z","timestamp":1787029170873,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007398","name":"Strategiske Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11-116196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11-116196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012774","name":"Innovationsfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0603-00452B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0603-00452B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: To investigate the potential synergistic effects of olive oil releasing 2-oleoylglycerol and hydrolyzed pine nut oil containing 20% pinolenic acid on GLP-1 secretion, glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and appetite in healthy individuals, when delivered to the small intestine as potential agonists of GPR119, FFA1 and FFA4. Methods: Nine overweight\/obese individuals completed three 6-h oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in a crossover design. At \u221230 min, participants consumed either: no oil, 6 g of hydrolyzed pine nut oil (PNO-FFA), or a combination of 3 g hydrolyzed pine nut oil and 3 g olive oil (PNO-OO) in delayed-release capsules. Repeated measures of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin, subjective appetite and gastrointestinal tolerability were done. Results: PNO-FFA augmented GLP-1 secretion from 0\u2013360 min compared to no oil and PNO-OO (p &lt; 0.01). GIP secretion was increased from 240\u2013360 min after both PNO-FFA and PNO-OO versus no oil (p &lt; 0.01). Both oil treatments suppressed subjective appetite by reducing hunger and prospective food consumption and increasing satiety (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: In support of previous findings, 6 g of delayed-release hydrolyzed pine nut oil enhanced postprandial GLP-1 secretion and reduced appetite. However, no synergistic effect of combining hydrolyzed pine nut oil and olive oil on GLP-1 secretion was observed. These results need further evaluation in long-term studies including effects on bodyweight and insulin sensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T21:40:30Z","timestamp":1632778830000},"page":"3407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of Delayed-Release Olive Oil and Hydrolyzed Pine Nut Oil on Glucose Tolerance, Incretin Secretion and Appetite in Humans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Karina V.","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mads H.","family":"Kaspersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeppe H.","family":"Ekberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8238-6984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette","family":"Bauer-Brandl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-1755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trond","family":"Ulven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0891-4224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurt","family":"H\u00f8jlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451500118X","article-title":"Activity of dietary fatty acids on FFA1 and FFA4 and characterisation of pinolenic acid as a dual FFA1\/FFA4 agonist with potential effect against metabolic diseases","volume":"113","author":"Christiansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. 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