{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:16:50Z","timestamp":1790813810439,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nutrition in early life is a crucial element to provide all essential substrates for growth. Although this statement may appear obvious, several studies have shown how the intake of micro and macronutrients in toddlers differs a lot from the recommendations of scientific societies. Protein intake often exceeds the recommended amount, while the intake of iron and zinc is frequently insufficient, as well as Vitamin D. Nutritional errors in the first years of life can negatively impact the health of the child in the long term. To date, no clear evidence on which milk is suggested during the second year of life is yet to be established. In this study, we compare the nutrient profiles of cow\u2019s milk and specific formulas as well as nutritional risks in toddlers linked to growth and childhood obesity development. The purpose of this review is to resume the latest clinical studies on toddlers fed with cow\u2019s milk or young children formula (YCF), and the potential risks or benefits in the short and long term.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T21:40:30Z","timestamp":1632778830000},"page":"3412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Which Milk during the Second Year of Life: A Personalized Choice for a Healthy Future?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2111-3111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira","family":"Verduci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6155-0546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Di Profio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4578-0066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Corsello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Scatigno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bosetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Vincenzo","family":"Zuccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences \u201cL. Sacco\u201d, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beluska-Turkan, K., Korczak, R., Hartell, B., Moskal, K., Maukonen, J., Alexander, D.E., Salem, N., Harkness, L., Ayad, W., and Szaro, J. (2019). Nutritional Gaps and Supplementation in the First 1000 Days. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122891"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2021, August 10). Dietary Reference Values for the EU. Available online: https:\/\/multimedia.efsa.europa.eu\/drvs\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"227","article-title":"Nutrition in Toddlers","volume":"98","author":"Riley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Fam. 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