{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:43:25Z","timestamp":1764603805181,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017R1A5A2015805","2019R1I1A3A01062432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1A5A2015805","2019R1I1A3A01062432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>YG-1 extract used in this study is a mixture of Lonicera japonica, Arctic Fructus, and Scutellariae Radix. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of YG-1 extract on bronchodilatation (ex vivo) and acute bronchial and pulmonary inflammation relief (in vivo). Ex vivo: The bronchodilation reaction was confirmed by treatment with YG-1 concentration-accumulation (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg\/mL) in the bronchial tissue ring pre-contracted by acetylcholine (10 \u03bcM). As a result, YG-1 extract is considered to affect bronchodilation by increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP) levels through the \u03b22-adrenergic receptor. In vivo: experiments were performed in C57BL\/6 mice were divided into the following groups: control group; PM2.5 (fine particulate matter)-exposed group (PM2.5, 200 \u03bcg\/kg\/mL saline); and PM2.5-exposed + YG-1 extract (200 mg\/kg\/day) group. The PM2.5 (200 \u03bcg\/kg\/mL saline) was exposed for 1 h for 5 days using an ultrasonic nebulizer aerosol chamber to instill fine dust in the bronchi and lungs, thereby inducing acute lung and bronchial inflammation. From two days before PM2.5 exposure, YG-1 extract (200 mg\/kg\/day) was administered orally for 7 days. The PM2.5 exposure was involved in airway remodeling and inflammation, suggesting that YG-1 treatment improves acute bronchial and pulmonary inflammation by inhibiting the inflammatory cytokines (NLRP3\/caspase-1 pathway). The application of YG-1 extract with broncho-dilating effect to acute bronchial and pulmonary inflammation animal models has great significance in developing therapeutic agents for respiratory diseases. Therefore, these results can provide essential data for the development of novel respiratory symptom relievers. Our study provides strong evidence that YG-1 extracts reduce the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and the incidence of non-specific lung diseases and improve bronchial and lung function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T21:38:09Z","timestamp":1632865089000},"page":"3414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["YG-1 Extract Improves Acute Pulmonary Inflammation by Inducing Bronchodilation and Inhibiting Inflammatory Cytokines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0396-0862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye-Yoom","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center & Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung-Joo","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center & Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dae-Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanpoong Pharm and Foods Co., Ltd., Wanju 55316, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dae-Gill","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center & Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ho-Sub","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanbang Cardio-Renal Research Center & Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.119.018150","article-title":"Pharmacology and therapeutics of bronchodilators revisited","volume":"72","author":"Matera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.111.004580","article-title":"Pharmacology and therapeutics of bronchodilators","volume":"64","author":"Cazzola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1139\/Y07-059","article-title":"Biophysical basis for airway hyperresponsiveness","volume":"85","author":"An","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"E69","article-title":"The impact of PM2.5 on the human respiratory system","volume":"8","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2007.50.4.335","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis, sinusitis and asthma\u2014Evidence for respiratory system integration","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Korean J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.5124\/jkma.2007.50.2.175","article-title":"Health effects of ambient particulate matter","volume":"50","author":"Shin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"291","article-title":"Retrospective drug utilization review of antibiotics for respiratory tract infection(RTI) in ambulatory outpatient care","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102266","article-title":"Long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a national English cohort","volume":"72","author":"Atkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12401","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812955115","article-title":"Change in household fuels dominates the decrease in PM2.5 exposure and premature mortality in China in 2005","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-017-0709-y","article-title":"Effects of long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution on lung function in children","volume":"17","author":"Schultz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201205-0850OC","article-title":"Inflammatory and oxidative stress responses of healthy young adults to changes in air quality during the Beijing olympics","volume":"186","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogino, K. (2014). Allergic airway infammation by nasal inoculation of particulate matter (PM2.5) in nc\/nga mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092710"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44256","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44256","article-title":"The acute airway infammation induced bypm2.5 exposure and the treatment of essential oils in balb\/c mice","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S156509","article-title":"Efficacy and side effects of intravenous theophylline in acute asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Mahemuti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2019.06.001","article-title":"New treatments for asthma","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"420","article-title":"Natural products as reservoirs of novel therapeutic agents","volume":"4","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2018","journal-title":"EXCLIJ"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"141","article-title":"The experimental studies on the immunomodulational effects of Lonicerae Caulis et Folium: The effects of Lonicerae Caulis et Folium on cytokines production in mice splenocytes","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Korea J. Herbol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"241","article-title":"Effects of Woobangja on anti-allergic inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Nam","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pediatrics Korean Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"964","article-title":"Antimicrobial characteristics of Scutellariae Radix extract","volume":"30","author":"Cho","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3746\/jkfn.2015.44.4.497","article-title":"Effects of extract mixture (Yg-1) of anti-inflammatory herbs on LPS-induced acute inflammation in macrophages and rats","volume":"44","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.05.073","article-title":"Interleukin-33\/ST2 signaling promotes production of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in systemic inflammation in cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mice","volume":"450","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.799015","article-title":"Ambient air pollution exaggerates adipose inflammation and insulin resistance in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity","volume":"119","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.03.025","article-title":"Bronchodilator effects of Lignosus rhinocerotis extract on rat isolated airways is linked to the blockage of calcium entry","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)88727-6","article-title":"Propranolol, a phosphatidate phosphohydrolase inhibitor, also inhibits protein kinase C","volume":"267","author":"Sozzani","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma (2002). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention National Institute of Health 2002, No. 02-3659."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4160(96)90025-1","article-title":"Effect of cAMP elevating agents on carbachol-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis and calcium mobilization in cultured canine tracheal smooth muscle cells","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell Calcium."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15207.x","article-title":"Modulation of agonist-induced phosphoinositide metabolism, Ca2+ signalling and contraction of airway smooth muscle by cyclic AMP-dependent mechanisms","volume":"117","author":"Hoiting","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"L407","article-title":"Mechanisms of cyclic nucleotide-induced relaxation in canine tracheal smooth muscle","volume":"268","author":"McGrogan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308295","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/308295","article-title":"Effects of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes on cardiac function in myocardial infarction rats exposed to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5)","volume":"2014","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108752","article-title":"Air pollution-related illness: Effects of particles","volume":"308","author":"Nel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2019.0025","article-title":"Particulate-matter related respiratory diseases","volume":"83","author":"Kyung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tuberc. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-018-1191-2","article-title":"A review of inflammatory mechanism in airway diseases","volume":"68","author":"Aghasafari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465815588064","article-title":"The role of the small airways in the pathophysiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"9","author":"Bonini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09122501","article-title":"Diverse cellular TGF-beta 1and TGF-beta 3 gene expression in normal human and murine lung","volume":"9","author":"Coker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"5279","article-title":"NF-\u03baB inhibitor DHMEQ inhibits titanium dioxide nanoparticle-induced interleukin-1\u03b2 production: Inhibition of the PM2.5-induced inflammation model","volume":"18","author":"Fukatsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.02.086","article-title":"Effects on IL-1\u03b2 signaling activation induced by water and organic extracts of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) in vitro","volume":"237","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.01.030","article-title":"The health effects of ambient PM2.5 and potential mechanisms","volume":"128","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-01071-5","article-title":"Airborne bacteria enriched PM2.5 enhances the inflammation in an allergic adolescent mouse model induced by ovalbumin","volume":"43","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2201","article-title":"Preventive effect of ursolic acid derivative on particulate matter 2.5-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease involves suppression of lung inflammation","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104746","article-title":"Protective effect of ginsenoside Rg5 against kidney injury via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the MAPK signaling pathway in high-fat diet\/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice","volume":"155","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109596","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide suppresses the NLRP3 inflammasome activation in lipopolysaccharideinduced acute lung injury mice and macrophages","volume":"121","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1004062","article-title":"NLRP3\/caspase-1-independent IL-1beta production mediates diesel exhaust particle-induced pulmonary inflammation","volume":"187","author":"Provoost","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S196040","article-title":"Glibenclamide alleviates inflammation in oleic acid model of acute lung injury through NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.07.076","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lung fibrosis caused by airborne fine particulate matter","volume":"163","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200601-006AW","article-title":"Remodeling in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"3","author":"Postma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-013-8425-7","article-title":"Role of the toll like receptor (TLR) radical cycle in chronic inflammation: Possible treatments targeting the TLR4 pathway","volume":"48","author":"Lucas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1012543","article-title":"The role of inflammasome-derived IL-1 in driving IL-17 responses","volume":"93","author":"Kingston","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00369","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00369","article-title":"Curcumin represses NLRP3 inflammasome activation via TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB and P2X7R Signaling in PMA induced macrophages","volume":"7","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/10\/3414\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:06:06Z","timestamp":1760166366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/10\/3414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13103414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13103414","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]}}}