{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T04:02:00Z","timestamp":1787284920744,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81560532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81560532"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018A030313723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018A030313723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Anemia has comprehensive adverse effects on the growth and development of children. In this study, we analyzed the potential effects of different types of anemia on early-life neurobehavioral development. (2) Methods: A total of 2601 children aged 6\u201324 months, whose parents agreed to participate in this study, underwent routine blood tests and neurobehavioral development assessment. The children\u2019s parents or other primary caregivers were interviewed with a face-to-face questionnaire at the time of enrollment in the study. Anemia was determined by hemoglobin &lt; 110 g\/L and classified into iron-deficiency and non-iron-deficiency anemia according to the levels of serum ferritin, C-reactive protein, and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. Neurobehavioral development was assessed by the China Developmental Scale for Children and divided into five domains: gross motor, fine movement, adaptability, language, and social behavior. The development quotient (DQ) was used to measure the level of total neurobehavioral development and each domain of neurobehavioral development. (3) Results: The prevalence of anemia in children aged 6\u201324 months was 26.45%, of which iron-deficiency anemia only accounted for 27.33%. Compared with children without anemia, those with iron-deficiency anemia had a significantly lower developmental quotient (DQ) for total neurobehavioral development and gross motor and adaptability development. The partial regression coefficients were \u22121.33 (95% CI \u22122.36, \u22120.29; p = 0.012), \u22121.88 (95% CI \u22123.74, \u22120.03; p = 0.047), and 1.48 (95% CI \u22122.92, \u22120.05; p = 0.042), respectively. Children with non-iron-deficiency anemia had significantly lower DQ for total neurobehavioral development and gross motor and fine movement development than those without anemia. The partial regression coefficients were \u22120.94 (95% CI \u22121.64, \u22120.25; p = 0.008), \u22121.25 (95% CI \u22122.48, \u22120.03; p = 0.044), and \u22121.18 (95% CI \u22122.15, \u22120.21; p = 0.017), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in total neurobehavioral development and the five domains of neurobehavioral development between children with non-iron-deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. The partial \u03b2 values were 0.40 (95% CI \u22121.53, 2.33; p = 0.684), 0.21 (95% CI \u22121.39, 1.81; p = 0.795), 0.63 (95% CI \u22121.03, 2.28; p = 0.457), 0.16 (95% CI \u22121.78, 2.10; p = 0.871), 0.35 (95% CI \u22121.32, 2.01; p = 0.684), and 0.34 (95% CI \u22120.77, 1.46; p = 0.545), respectively. (4) Conclusions: Both iron-deficiency anemia and non-iron-deficiency anemia were negatively correlated with the neurobehavioral development of children. Negative correlations were found between iron-deficiency anemia and gross motor and adaptability development and between non-iron-deficiency anemia and gross motor and fine movement development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T21:38:09Z","timestamp":1632865089000},"page":"3423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Association of Iron-Deficiency Anemia and Non-Iron-Deficiency Anemia with Neurobehavioral Development in Children Aged 6\u201324 Months"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9489-5033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Department of Child Health, Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4786-1516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70001-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995\u20132011: A systematic analysis of population-representative data","volume":"1","author":"Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet. 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