{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:15:58Z","timestamp":1792818958063,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have shown a rise in precocious puberty, especially in girls. At the same time, childhood obesity due to overnutrition and energy imbalance is rising too. Nutrition and fertility are currently facing major challenges in our societies, and are interconnected. Studies have shown that high-fat and\/or high-glycaemic-index diet can cause hypothalamic inflammation and microglial activation. Molecular and animal studies reveal that microglial activation seems to produce and activate prostaglandins, neurotrophic factors activating GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons), thus initiating precocious puberty. GnRH neurons\u2019 mechanisms of excitability are not well understood. In this review, we study the phenomenon of the rise of precocious puberty, we examine the physiology of GnRH neurons, and we review the recent literature regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms that connect diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation and diet-induced phoenixin regulation with precocious puberty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:03:42Z","timestamp":1632960222000},"page":"3460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Diet-Induced Hypothalamic Inflammation, Phoenixin, and Subsequent Precocious Puberty"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Valsamakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Second University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieion University Hospital, Athens Medical School, Ethnikon and Kapodistriakon University of Athens, 15233 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angeliki","family":"Arapaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieion University Hospital, Athens Medical School, Ethnikon and Kapodistriakon University of Athens, 15233 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6256-2127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Balafoutas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieion University Hospital, Athens Medical School, Ethnikon and Kapodistriakon University of Athens, 15233 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0851-6998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Charmandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First University Department of Paediatrics, Aghia Sophia University Children\u2019s Hospital, Athens Medical School, Ethnikon and Kapodistriakon University of Athens, 15233 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos F.","family":"Vlahos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieion University Hospital, Athens Medical School, Ethnikon and Kapodistriakon University of Athens, 15233 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1159\/000515660","article-title":"Kisspeptin Levels in Girls with Precocious Puberty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"93","author":"Cintra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm. 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