{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:57:00Z","timestamp":1790204220916,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) is an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) derived from linoleic acid (LA). The LA:DGLA ratio reflects conversion from LA to DGLA. Low levels of DGLA in serum have been related to poor outcome in myocardial infarction (MI) patients. Aims: To assess the association of DGLA and LA:DGLA with total death as a primary aim and incident cardiovascular events as a secondary objective. Methods: Baseline samples from 1002 patients, aged 70 to 82 years, included 2\u20138 weeks after an MI and followed for 2 years, were used. Major adverse clinical events (MACE) consisted of nonfatal MI, unscheduled coronary revascularization, stroke, hospitalization for heart failure or all-cause death. Cox regression analysis was used to relate serum n-6 PUFA phospholipid levels (%wt) to the risk of MACE, adjusting for the following: (1) age, sex and body mass index (BMI); (2) adding baseline cod liver oil supplementation; (3) adding prevalent hypertension, chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus. Results: Median DGLA level in serum phospholipids was 2.89 (Q1\u2013Q3 2.43\u20133.38) %wt. DGLA was inversely related to LA and LA:DGLA ratio. There were 208 incident cases of MACE and 55 deaths. In the multivariable analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) for the total death in the three higher quartiles (Q2\u20134) of DGLA as compared to Q1 was 0.54 (0.31\u20130.95), with p = 0.03 (Model-1), 0.50 (0.28\u20130.91), with p = 0.02 (Model-2), and 0.47 (0.26\u20130.84), with p = 0.012 (Model-3), and non-significant for MACE. Risk of MACE (Model 3) approached borderline significance for LA:DGLA in Q2\u20134 vs. Q1 [HR 1.42 (1.00\u20132.04), p = 0.052]. Conclusions: Low levels of DGLA were related to a high LA:DGLA ratio and risk of total death in elderly patients with recent MI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:23:55Z","timestamp":1633728235000},"page":"3475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Serum Levels of Dihomo-Gamma (\u03b3)-Linolenic Acid (DGLA) Are Inversely Associated with Linoleic Acid and Total Death in Elderly Patients with a Recent Myocardial Infarction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dennis Winston T.","family":"Nilsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peder Langeland","family":"Myhre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, 1474 L\u00f8renskog, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Are","family":"Kalstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik Berg","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Arnesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4071-3358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingebj\u00f8rg","family":"Seljeflot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191627","article-title":"Omega-6 fatty acids and risk for cardiovascular disease: A science advisory from the American Heart Association Nutrition Subcommittee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention","volume":"119","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038908","article-title":"Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium (FORCE). 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