{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T10:09:02Z","timestamp":1783850942510,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L7-1849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L7-1849"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P3-0395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P3-0395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014803","name":"European Food Safety Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OC\/EFSA\/DATA\/2014\/02-LOT2-CT03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OC\/EFSA\/DATA\/2014\/02-LOT2-CT03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D is involved in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and is vital for numerous bodily functions. In the absence of sufficient UV-B light-induced skin biosynthesis, dietary intake becomes the most important source of vitamin D. In the absence of biosynthesis, the recommended dietary vitamin D intake is 10\u201320 \u00b5g\/day. Major contributors to dietary vitamin D intake are the few foods naturally containing vitamin D (i.e., fish), enriched foods, and supplements. The present study aimed to estimate the vitamin D intake in Slovenia, to identify food groups that notably contribute to vitamin D intake, and to predict the effects of hypothetical mandatory milk fortification. This study was conducted using data collected by the national cross-sectional food consumption survey (SI.Menu) in adolescents (n = 468; 10\u201317 years), adults (n = 364; 18\u201364 years), and the elderly (n = 416; 65\u201374 years). Data collection was carried out between March 2017 and April 2018 using the EU Menu Methodology, which included two 24-h recalls, and a food propensity questionnaire. Very low vitamin D intakes were found; many did not even meet the threshold for very low vitamin D intake (2.5 \u00b5g\/day). Mean daily vitamin D intake was 2.7, 2.9, and 2.5 \u00b5g in adolescents, adults, and the elderly, respectively. Daily energy intake was found to be a significant predictor of vitamin D intake in all population groups. In adolescents and adults, sex was also found to be a significant predictor, with higher vitamin D intake in males. The study results explained the previously reported high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Slovenia. An efficient policy approach is required to address the risk of vitamin D deficiency, particularly in vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:37:29Z","timestamp":1633901849000},"page":"3528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Vitamin D Intake in Slovenian Adolescents, Adults, and the Elderly Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1756-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0161a","family":"Hribar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Institute, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka Cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5088-9747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hristo","family":"Hristov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Institute, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka Cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0384-8846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017diva","family":"Lavri\u0161a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Institute, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka Cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7597-2590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Korou\u0161i\u0107 Seljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Systems Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matej","family":"Gregori\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ur\u0161ka","family":"Blaznik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0032-318X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"\u017dmitek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Institute, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka Cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"VIST\u2013Higher School of Applied Sciences, Gerbi\u010deva cesta 51A, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8634-1778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Pravst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Institute, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka Cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"VIST\u2013Higher School of Applied Sciences, Gerbi\u010deva cesta 51A, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.120873","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: Pandemic?","volume":"103","author":"Cashman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. 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