{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T08:14:26Z","timestamp":1791447266104,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003566","name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210656"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anti-inflammatory agents that are safer and more effective than the currently used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are urgently needed. The dicaffeoylquinic acid (diCQA) isomer 4,5-diCQA exhibits antioxidant activity and various other health-promoting benefits; however, its anti-inflammatory properties require further investigation. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of 4,5-diCQA in vitro and in vivo using RAW264.7 cells and a carrageenan-induced inflammation model, respectively. In RAW264.7 cells, 4,5-diCQA pretreatment significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, interleukin-1\u03b2, and interleukin-6, without inducing cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effects of 4,5-diCQA were mediated by the suppression of nuclear factor-\u03baB nuclear translocation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. Oral administration of 4,5-diCQA at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg\/kg of the body weight suppressed carrageenan-induced edema and the expression of nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, our results suggest that 4,5-diCQA exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing activation of the nuclear factor-\u03baB and MAPK pathways in vitro and reducing carrageenan-induced edema in vivo. Therefore, 4,5-diCQA shows potential as a natural alternative to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:37:29Z","timestamp":1633901849000},"page":"3537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory Effect of 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid on RAW264.7 Cells and a Rat Model of Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Goeun","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seulah","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joonho","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Bio Research Center, Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jangseong-si 57248, Jeollanam-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boram","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health and Welfare, Kyungwoon University, Gumi-si 39160, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dokyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Biology Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunsung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8549-4_5","article-title":"Markers of Inflammation","volume":"1803","author":"Germolec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meth. 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