{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:52:24Z","timestamp":1793299944693,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While rates of malnutrition have declined over the last decade in India due to successful government interventions, the prevalence of anemia remains high. Staple foods provide almost 70% of the daily iron intake. As staple foods are a rich source of phytate, this ingested iron is poorly absorbed. Currently, 59% of children below 3 years of age, 50% of expectant mothers and 53% of women aged 15\u201319 years are anemic. The most common intervention strategy has been through the use of iron supplements. While the compliance has been low and supplies irregular, such high rates of anemia cannot be explained by iron deficiency alone. This review attempts to fit dietary and cooking practices, field-level diagnostics, cultural beliefs and constraints in implementation of management strategies into a larger picture scenario to offer insights as to why anemia continues to plague India. Since the rural Indian diet is predominantly vegetarian, we also review dietary factors that influence non-heme iron absorption. As a reference point, we also contrast anemia-related trends in India to the U.S.A. Thus, this review is an effort to convey a holistic evaluation while providing approaches to address this public health crisis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:37:29Z","timestamp":1633901849000},"page":"3538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Plant-Based Dietary Practices and Socioeconomic Factors That Influence Anemia in India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-8369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohil S.","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"},{"name":"Tata-Cornell Institute for Agriculture and Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8749-1890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga I.","family":"Padilla-Zakour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00291","article-title":"Pre-Weaning Dietary Iron Deficiency Impairs Spatial Learning and Memory in the Cognitive Holeboard Task in Piglets","volume":"9","author":"Antonides","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601820","article-title":"Micronutrient Deficiencies in Developing and Affluent Countries","volume":"57","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Panel on Micronutrients (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61235-5","article-title":"Nutritional Iron Deficiency","volume":"370","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-05-815944","article-title":"Iron Deficiency","volume":"133","author":"Camaschella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). The Global Prevalence of Anaemia in 2011, WHO."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.02.014","article-title":"The Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Average-Risk and at-Risk Western European Populations: A Systematic Review","volume":"128","author":"Rostom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"164","article-title":"Review on Iron and Its Importance for Human Health","volume":"19","author":"Abbaspour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601320","article-title":"The Anemia of Vitamin A Deficiency: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis","volume":"56","author":"Semba","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.08.060","article-title":"Vitamin D, Race, and Risk for Anemia in Children","volume":"164","author":"Atkinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-009-0850-3","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency and Anemia: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"89","author":"Sim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plessow, R., Arora, N.K., Brunner, B., Tzogiou, C., Eichler, K., Br\u00fcgger, U., and Wieser, S. (2015). Social Costs of Iron Deficiency Anemia in 6\u201359-Month-Old Children in India. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136581"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz009","article-title":"Dietary Iron Intake and Anemia Are Weakly Associated, Limiting Effective Iron Fortification Strategies in India","volume":"149","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17834-9","article-title":"Hunger in Africa: The Link between Unhealthy People and Unhealthy Soils","volume":"365","author":"Sanchez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Iips, I. (2017). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015-2016, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS)."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) (2007). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) 2005-2006, Volume 1."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/agec.12304","article-title":"Trends and Patterns in the Triple Burden of Malnutrition in India","volume":"47","author":"Meenakshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61690-0","article-title":"Maternal and Child Undernutrition: Global and Regional Exposures and Health Consequences","volume":"371","author":"Black","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petry, N., Olofin, I., Hurrell, R.F., Boy, E., Wirth, J.P., Moursi, M., Donahue Angel, M., and Rohner, F. (2016). The Proportion of Anemia Associated with Iron Deficiency in Low, Medium, and High Human Development Index Countries: A Systematic Analysis of National Surveys. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110693"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.107896","article-title":"Maternal Anemia and Risk of Adverse Birth and Health Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis1,2","volume":"103","author":"Rahman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Indian Council of Medical Research, Public Health Foundation of India, and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2017). India: Health of the Nation\u2019s States: The India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative: Disease Burden Trends in the States of India, 1990 to 2016."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Edelstein, S. (2014). Food Science: An Ecological Approach, Jones & Bartlett Publishers."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2020, July 04). Sample Registration System Baseline Survey, Available online: https:\/\/www.censusindia.gov.in\/vital_statistics\/baseline%20TABLES07062016.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-89","article-title":"Type of Vegetarian Diet, Obesity and Diabetes in Adult Indian Population","volume":"13","author":"Agrawal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraemer, K. (2007). Nutritional Anemia, Sight and Life Press.","DOI":"10.52439\/BYEJ4543"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.1.173","article-title":"Nonheme-Iron Absorption from a Phytate-Rich Meal Is Increased by the Addition of Small Amounts of Pork Meat","volume":"77","author":"Baech","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2008.10719680","article-title":"Oily Fish Increases Iron Bioavailability of a Phytate Rich Meal in Young Iron Deficient Women","volume":"27","author":"Carbajal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"634","article-title":"Iron Content, Bioavailability & Factors Affecting Iron Status of Indians","volume":"130","author":"Nair","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636040-00002","article-title":"Vegetarian Diets: Nutritional Considerations for Athletes","volume":"36","author":"Venderley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.3.633S","article-title":"Bioavailability of Iron, Zinc, and Other Trace Minerals from Vegetarian Diets","volume":"78","author":"Hunt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Meyers, L.D., Pitzi Hellwig, J., and Otten, J.J. (2006). Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00411.x","article-title":"Incorporation of Whole, Ancient Grains into a Modern Asian Indian Diet: Practical Strategies to Reduce the Burden of Chronic Disease","volume":"69","author":"Dixit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"National Sample Survey Office (2014). Nutritional Intake in India, 2011\u20132012, NSS 68th Round, Report No. 560."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"OECD, and FAO (2018). Agricultural Outlook 2018\u20132027 OECD\/FAO Agricultural Statistics (2018), FAO."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2008.03.012","article-title":"Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of Vegetarian and Omnivorous Preschool Children and Their Parents in Taiwan","volume":"28","author":"Yen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9405-x","article-title":"Postmenopausal Vegetarians\u2019 Low Serum Ferritin Level May Reduce the Risk for Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"149","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.06.021","article-title":"The Effect of Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Iron Intake on Iron Status in Young Women","volume":"81","author":"Leonard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"538","article-title":"Nutrient Intake and Haematological Status of Vegetarians and Age-Sex Matched Omnivores","volume":"48","author":"Alexander","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19900035","article-title":"Haematological Studies on Pre-Menopausal Indian and Caucasian Vegetarians Compared with Caucasian Omnivores","volume":"64","author":"Reddy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"512","article-title":"Haematological, Biochemical and Bone Density Parameters in Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians","volume":"58","author":"Sambol","year":"2009","journal-title":"West. Indian Med. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-8-37","article-title":"Health Aspects, Nutrition and Physical Characteristics in Matched Samples of Institutionalized Vegetarian and Non-Vegetarian Elderly (>65yrs)","volume":"8","author":"Deriemaeker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"141","article-title":"Iron and Zinc Status of Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Males","volume":"14","author":"Latta","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nutr. Rep. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.6.1042","article-title":"The Iron and Zinc Status of Long-Term Vegetarian Women","volume":"34","author":"Anderson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (2006). Diet & Nutritional Status of Population and Prevalence of Hypertension among Adults in Rural Areas, Technical Report No. 24."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2018.02.013","article-title":"Healthy, Affordable and Climate-Friendly Diets in India","volume":"49","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1762_18","article-title":"Country-Specific Nutrient Requirements & Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians: Current Status & Future Directions","volume":"148","author":"Nair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2013.06.009","article-title":"Post-Green Revolution Food Systems and the Triple Burden of Malnutrition","volume":"42","author":"Barrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12302","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912953109","article-title":"Green Revolution: Impacts, Limits, and the Path Ahead","volume":"109","author":"Pingali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2013.06.008","article-title":"Food System Strategies for Preventing Micronutrient Malnutrition","volume":"42","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.74.1.21","article-title":"Iron Contents of Malawian Foods When Prepared in Iron Cooking Pots","volume":"74","author":"Brabin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-013-1066-z","article-title":"Beneficial Effect of Iron Pot Cooking on Iron Status","volume":"80","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)04450-X","article-title":"Effect of Consumption of Food Cooked in Iron Pots on Iron Status and Growth of Young Children: A Randomised Trial","volume":"353","author":"Adish","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)04042-6","article-title":"Iron Content of Food Cooked in Iron Utensils","volume":"86","author":"Brittin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1991.tb05331.x","article-title":"Iron in Food: Effect of Continued Use of Iron Cookware","volume":"56","author":"Cheng","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"15","article-title":"Iron Content of Native Foods","volume":"18","author":"Drover","year":"1975","journal-title":"PNG Med. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(86)80183-X","article-title":"Bioavailability of Iron Added to the Diet by Cooking Food in an Iron Pot","volume":"6","author":"Martinez","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckp237","article-title":"Iron-Deficiency Anaemia in Rural Cambodia: Community Trial of a Novel Iron Supplementation Technique","volume":"21","author":"Charles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-017-2604-x","article-title":"Iron Pots for the Prevention and Treatment of Anemia in Preschoolers","volume":"85","author":"Arcanjo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.5.855","article-title":"Iron Nutritional Status Is Improved in Brazilian Preterm Infants Fed Food Cooked in Iron Pots","volume":"128","author":"Borigato","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2002.tb09582.x","article-title":"Release of Iron into Foods Cooked in an Iron Pot: Effect of PH, Salt, and Organic Acids","volume":"67","author":"Skibsted","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009005254","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Stainless Steel Cooking Pots in Reducing Iron-Deficiency Anaemia in Food Aid-Dependent Populations","volume":"13","author":"Talley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(96)00140-X","article-title":"Increased Iron Content of Some Indian Foods Due to Cookware","volume":"96","author":"Kollipara","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2003.08.017","article-title":"Iron Bioavailability in Green Leafy Vegetables Cooked in Different Utensils","volume":"86","author":"Kumari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2002341","article-title":"Acceptability of the Use of Iron Cooking Pots to Reduce Anaemia in Developing Countries","volume":"5","author":"Geerligs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-277X.2003.00447.x","article-title":"Food Prepared in Iron Cooking Pots as an Intervention for Reducing Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Geerligs","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2012.v6.5.219","article-title":"Biomass Fuel Exposure and Respiratory Diseases in India","volume":"6","author":"Prasad","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioSci. Trends"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, C.M., Patel, A., and Hibberd, P.L. (2015). Does Smoke from Biomass Fuel Contribute to Anemia in Pregnant Women in Nagpur, India? A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127890"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.04.004","article-title":"Systemic Inflammatory Changes and Increased Oxidative Stress in Rural Indian Women Cooking with Biomass Fuels","volume":"261","author":"Dutta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650903000302","article-title":"Burden of Anemia and Its Socioeconomic Determinants among Adolescent Girls in India","volume":"30","author":"Bharati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00185-X","article-title":"Women\u2019s Perceptions of Iron Deficiency and Anemia Prevention and Control in Eight Developing Countries","volume":"55","author":"Galloway","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2019.101763","article-title":"Women\u2019s Empowerment and Nutrition Status: The Case of Iron Deficiency in India","volume":"88","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"WHO, and UNICEF (2017). Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines, United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF)."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041809","article-title":"Anemia of Chronic Disease","volume":"352","author":"Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Wood, R.J., Ronnenberg, A., King, J.C., Cousins, R.J., Dunns, J.T., Burk, R.F., and Levander, O.A. (2005). Modern nutrition in health and disease. Lippincott\u2019s Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1258\/om.2010.100004","article-title":"Iron Deficiency in Pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"McMahon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obs. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20249","article-title":"Iron Deficiency: A Concise Review","volume":"78","author":"Umbreit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155812","article-title":"Iron Homeostasis during Pregnancy","volume":"106","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"130","article-title":"Effect of Delayed Cord Clamping on Iron Stores in Infants Born to Anemic Mothers: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"39","author":"Gupta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02781.x","article-title":"Measuring Placental Transfusion for Term Births: Weighing Babies with Cord Intact","volume":"118","author":"Farrar","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68889-2","article-title":"Effect of Timing of Umbilical Cord Clamping on Iron Status in Mexican Infants: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"367","author":"Chaparro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00430.x","article-title":"Timing of Umbilical Cord Clamping: Effect on Iron Endowment of the Newborn and Later Iron Status","volume":"69","author":"Chaparro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (2020, March 30). Intensified National Iron Plus Initiative (I-NIPI)-Operational Guidelines for Programme Managers, Available online: https:\/\/anemiamuktbharat.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Anemia-Mukt-Bharat-Brochure_English.pdf."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.5.1218","article-title":"Iron Status during Pregnancy: Setting the Stage for Mother and Infant","volume":"81","author":"Scholl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1285s","article-title":"Maternal Hemoglobin Concentration and Birth Weight","volume":"71","author":"Steer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund, United Nations University, and World Health Organization (2001). Iron Deficiency Anemia: Assessment, Prevention, and Control. A Guide for Programme Managers, WHO."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00429.x","article-title":"Maternal Iron Status: Relation to Fetal Growth, Length of Gestation, and Iron Endowment of the Neonate: Nutrition Reviews\u00a9, Vol. 69, No. S1","volume":"69","author":"Scholl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/55.5.985","article-title":"Anemia vs Iron Deficiency: Increased Risk of Preterm Delivery in a Prospective Study","volume":"55","author":"Scholl","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650602700405","article-title":"Prevalence of Anemia among Pregnant Women and Adolescent Girls in 16 Districts of India","volume":"27","author":"Toteja","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.20","article-title":"Iron Is Prioritized to Red Blood Cells over the Brain in Phlebotomized Anemic Newborn Lambs","volume":"79","author":"Zamora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2006.may.S34-S43","article-title":"Long-Lasting Neural and Behavioral Effects of Iron Deficiency in Infancy","volume":"64","author":"Lozoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155846","article-title":"Iron Assessment to Protect the Developing Brain","volume":"106","author":"Georgieff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"104","article-title":"Prevalence of Anemia in Pregnancy and Its Outcome in Rural Tertiary Care Centre in India","volume":"5","author":"Gopinath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Obstet. Gynecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.10.1156","article-title":"Iron Metabolism and Iron Deficiency in India","volume":"21","author":"Venkatachalam","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00584","article-title":"Innate Immunity and Breast Milk","volume":"8","author":"Cacho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2008). UNICEF Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices, WHO. Part 1: Definitions."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Allowances, R.D. (2009). Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2008.09.013","article-title":"Iron Therapy for Preterm Infants","volume":"36","author":"Rao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2009). Infant and Young Child Feeding: Model Chapter for Textbooks for Medical Students and Allied Health Professionals, WHO."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022848","article-title":"Intellectual Impairment in Children with Blood Lead Concentrations below 10 \u039cg per Deciliter","volume":"348","author":"Canfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). Childhood Lead Poisoning, WHO."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2015.11.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of Divalent Metal Toxicity in Affective Disorders","volume":"339","author":"Menon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.120513","article-title":"Environmental Lead Exposure during Early Childhood","volume":"140","author":"Lanphear","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi126","article-title":"Relation between Blood Lead Levels and Childhood Anemia in India","volume":"161","author":"Jain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2001.7.2.119","article-title":"Blood Lead in Children and Its Determinants in Nagpur, India","volume":"7","author":"Patel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2440","article-title":"Iron Fortification Reduces Blood Lead Levels in Children in Bangalore, India","volume":"117","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/49.2.121","article-title":"Blood Lead Levels and Risk Factors for Lead Toxicity in Children from Schools and an Urban Slum in Delhi","volume":"49","author":"Kalra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.06.033","article-title":"Blood Lead Levels in Children after Phase-out of Leaded Gasoline in Bombay, India","volume":"363","author":"Nichani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011). Serum Ferritin Concentrations for the Assessment of Iron Status and Iron Deficiency in Populations. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, WHO."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.10.3061","article-title":"Muhilal Estimation of the Effect of the Acute Phase Response on Indicators of Micronutrient Status in Indonesian Infants","volume":"132","author":"Wieringa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"96","article-title":"Soluble Transferrin Receptor as a Diagnostic Laboratory Test for Detection of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Acute Illness of Hospitalized Patients","volume":"13","author":"Berlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912233412607","article-title":"Disorders of Iron Metabolism","volume":"341","author":"Andrews","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2004.08.022","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Iron-Deficiency Anaemia","volume":"18","author":"Cook","year":"2005","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"WHO (2007). CDC WHO|Assessing the Iron Status of Populations, World Health Organization. Joint World Health Organization\/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Technical Consultation on the Assessment of Iron Status at the Population Level (2004: Geneva, Switzerland)."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1309\/6L34-V3AR-DW39-DH30","article-title":"Discriminating Between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Anemia of Chronic Disease Using Traditional Indices of Iron Status vs Transferrin Receptor Concentration","volume":"115","author":"Wians","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401038","article-title":"Iron-Deficiency Anemia","volume":"372","author":"Camaschella","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.2.284","article-title":"Regular Consumption of NaFeEDTA-Fortified Fish Sauce Improves Iron Status and Reduces the Prevalence of Anemia in Anemic Vietnamese Women","volume":"78","author":"Thuy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.155135","article-title":"Iron Fortification of Whole Wheat Flour Reduces Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia and Increases Body Iron Stores in Indian School-Aged Children","volume":"142","author":"Muthayya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28104","article-title":"Effectiveness of a Large-Scale Iron-Fortified Milk Distribution Program on Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Low-Income Young Children in Mexico","volume":"91","author":"Rivera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.4.822","article-title":"Extruded Rice Fortified with Micronized Ground Ferric Pyrophosphate Reduces Iron Deficiency in Indian Schoolchildren: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"84","author":"Moretti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/49.1.162","article-title":"Fortification of Curry Powder with NaFe(111)EDTA in an Iron-Deficient Population: Report of a Controlled Iron-Fortification Trial","volume":"49","author":"Ballot","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.6.961","article-title":"Sodium Iron NaFeEDTA as an Iron Fortification Compound in Central America. Absorption Studies","volume":"31","author":"Viteri","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.5.1153","article-title":"Fortification of Sugar with Iron Sodium Ethylenediaminotetraacetate (FeNaEDTA) Improves Iron Status in Semirural Guatemalan Populations","volume":"61","author":"Viteri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/49.2.84","article-title":"The Effect of Iron Therapy on the Growth of Iron-replete and Iron-deplete Children","volume":"49","author":"Majumdar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92151-2","article-title":"Adverse Effect of Iron Supplementation on Weight Gain of Iron-Replete Young Children","volume":"343","author":"Idjradinata","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307720","article-title":"Iron Fortification Adversely Affects the Gut Microbiome, Increases Pathogen Abundance and Induces Intestinal Inflammation in Kenyan Infants","volume":"64","author":"Jaeggi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)67962-2","article-title":"Effects of Routine Prophylactic Supplementation with Iron and Folic Acid on Admission to Hospital and Mortality in Preschool Children in a High Malaria Transmission Setting: Community-Based, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"367","author":"Sazawal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60437-7","article-title":"Effect of Provision of Daily Zinc and Iron with Several Micronutrients on Growth and Morbidity among Young Children in Pakistan: A Cluster-Randomised Trial","volume":"382","author":"Soofi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v13i4.3","article-title":"Compliance with Iron-Folic Acid (IFA) Therapy among Pregnant Women in an Urban Area of South India","volume":"13","author":"Mithra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"(2020, April 18). Supreme Court of India People\u2019s Union for Civil Liberties vs. Union of India & Ors (CWP 196\/2001). Available online: https:\/\/www.escr-net.org\/caselaw\/2006\/peoples-union-civil-liberties-v-union-india-ors-supreme-court-india-civil-original."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"12","article-title":"Mid-Day Meals: Looking Ahead","volume":"48","author":"Khera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Econ. Political Wkly."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/sjoe.12116","article-title":"The Impact of School Lunches on Primary School Enrollment: Evidence from India\u2019s Midday Meal Scheme","volume":"117","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2010.514330","article-title":"The Impact of School Meals on School Participation: Evidence from Rural India","volume":"47","author":"Afridi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dev. Stud."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"(2006). World Health Organization Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients, WHO."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"(2020, March 07). Copenhagen Consensus Center, Copenhagen Consensus: The Results. Available online: https:\/\/www.copenhagenconsensus.com\/publication\/copenhagen-consensus-final-results."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2678","article-title":"Iron Fortification and Iron Supplementation Are Cost-Effective Interventions to Reduce Iron Deficiency in Four Subregions of the World","volume":"134","author":"Baltussen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"(2021, September 25). Food Safety and Standards Authority of India Gazette Notification on Food Safety and Standards (Prohibition and Restrictions on Sales) Second Amendment Regulations, 2019 Relating to Revision in Sub-Regulation 2.3.12: Restriction on Sale of Common Salt.; 2019; REGD. NO. D. L.-33004\/99, Available online: https:\/\/fssai.gov.in\/upload\/uploadfiles\/files\/Gazette_Notification_Common_Salt_04_07_2019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010646","article-title":"Micronutrient Fortification of Food in Southeast Asia: Recommendations from an Expert Workshop","volume":"7","author":"Gayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"United Nations, and WHO (1999). Preventing Iron Deficiency in Women and Children: Background and Consensus on Key Technical Issues and Resources for Advocacy, Planning and Implementing National Programmes, WHO."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6093601","article-title":"Fortification of Foods with Vitamin D in India","volume":"6","author":"G","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.183228","article-title":"Double-Fortified Salt Is Efficacious in Improving Indicators of Iron Deficiency in Female Indian Tea Pickers","volume":"144","author":"Haas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26149","article-title":"Dual Fortification of Salt with Iodine and Iron: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial of Micronized Ferric Pyrophosphate and Encapsulated Ferrous Fumarate in Southern India","volume":"88","author":"Andersson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.4.1127","article-title":"Community-Level Micronutrient Fortification of a Food Supplement in India: A Controlled Trial in Preschool Children Aged 36\u201366 Mo","volume":"85","author":"Varma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"World Food Programme WFP India (2016). Improving Child Nutrition Through Rice Fortification in Gajapati, WFP."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"227","article-title":"Efficacy of Micronutrient Fortified Extruded Rice in Improving the Iron and Vitamin A Status in Indian Schoolchildren","volume":"5","author":"Hussain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.126","article-title":"Helicobacter Pylori Infection Does Not Influence the Efficacy of Iron and Vitamin B 12 Fortification in Marginally Nourished Indian Children","volume":"64","author":"Thankachan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.188","article-title":"Efficacy of a Multi Micronutrient-Fortified Drink in Improving Iron and Micronutrient Status among Schoolchildren with Low Iron Stores in India: A Randomised, Double-Masked Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"67","author":"Thankachan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"217","article-title":"Compliance with Home-Based Fortification Strategies for Delivery of Iron and Zinc: Its Effect on Haematological and Growth Markers among 6\u201324 Months Old Children in North India","volume":"32","author":"Sazawal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (2019, February 20). Large-Scale Food Fortification in India: The Journey so Far and Road Ahead; 2017, Available online: https:\/\/archive.fssai.gov.in\/dam\/jcr:c746d723-ebb1-47cf-8091-cdb2e7285632\/Large_scale_Food_Fortification.pdf."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265110321S105","article-title":"Biofortification: A New Tool to Reduce Micronutrient Malnutrition","volume":"32","author":"Bouis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2009.03.014","article-title":"How Cost-Effective Is Biofortification in Combating Micronutrient Malnutrition? An Ex Ante Assessment","volume":"38","author":"Meenakshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.01.006","article-title":"Potential Impacts of Iron Biofortification in India","volume":"66","author":"Stein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.208009","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Iron-Biofortified Pearl Millet in School Children in India","volume":"145","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy113","article-title":"Cognitive Performance in Indian School-Going Adolescents Is Positively Affected by Consumption of Iron-Biofortified Pearl Millet: A 6-Month Randomized Controlled Efficacy Trial","volume":"148","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Women and Child Development (2020, May 12). Poshan Abhiyaan, Available online: https:\/\/pib.gov.in\/newsite\/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199916."},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Women and Child Development (2020, May 12). POSHAN Abhiyaan to Address Malnutrition through Convergence, Use of Technology and a Targeted Approach, Available online: https:\/\/pib.gov.in\/newsite\/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177746."},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"Smriti, I. (2020, May 12). Poshan Abhiyaan Promises to Revive Traditional Food Systems across the Country While Addressing Malnutrition. Indian Express 2019. Available online: https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/columns\/a-jan-aandolan-for-nutrition-6124546\/."},{"key":"ref_157","unstructured":"Niti Aayog (2020, May 12). Transforming Nutrition in India: Poshan Abhiyaan, Available online: https:\/\/www.niti.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-02\/POSHAN_Abhiyaan_first_progress_report_6_Feb_2019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2007.00274.x","article-title":"Food Microstructure Affects the Bioavailability of Several Nutrients","volume":"72","author":"Parada","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa175","article-title":"Iron Fortification Practices and Implications for Iron Addition to Salt","volume":"151","author":"Hurrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-013-0978-y","article-title":"Reduction of Phytic Acid and Enhancement of Bioavailable Micronutrients in Food Grains","volume":"52","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2621.2002.00619.x","article-title":"Iron Absorption and the Iron Binding and Anti-Oxidant Properties of Phytic Acid","volume":"37","author":"Minihane","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2002.tb09609.x","article-title":"The Influence of Soaking and Germination on the Phytase Activity and Phytic Acid Content of Grains and Seeds Potentially Useful for Complementary Feeding","volume":"67","author":"Egli","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"51","article-title":"Improving Bioavailability of Iron in Indian Diets through Food-Based Approaches for the Control of Iron Deficiency Anaemia","volume":"32","author":"Sharma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740540117","article-title":"Effect of Heat Treatments on the Phytic Acid Content of Maize Products","volume":"54","author":"Khan","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9605308","article-title":"Effect of Traditional Food Processing on Phytate Degradation in Wheat and Millets","volume":"45","author":"Agte","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650702800309","article-title":"An Analysis of the Etiology of Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Young Women of Low Socioeconomic Status in Bangalore, India","volume":"28","author":"Thankachan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Hasan, S.M., Hassan, M., Saha, S., Islam, M., Billah, M., and Islam, S. (2016). Dietary Phytate Intake Inhibits the Bioavailability of Iron and Calcium in the Diets of Pregnant Women in Rural Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Nutr., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-016-0064-8"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00047a014","article-title":"Phytate Content of Indian Foods and Intakes by Vegetarian Indians of Hisar Region, Haryana State","volume":"42","author":"Khokhar","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_169","unstructured":"National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR) (2006). Annual Report 2005\u20132006."},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"Thingnganing, L., Rajendran, A., Bhaskar, K., and Venkaiah, K. (2017). Indian Food Composition Tables."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1039\/b905688b","article-title":"Simultaneous Iron, Zinc, Sulfur and Phosphorus Speciation Analysis of Barley Grain Tissues Using SEC-ICP-MS and IP-ICP-MS","volume":"1","author":"Persson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afify, A.E.-M.M.R., El-Beltagi, H.S., Abd El-Salam, S.M., and Omran, A.A. (2011). Bioavailability of Iron, Zinc, Phytate and Phytase Activity during Soaking and Germination of White Sorghum Varieties. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025512"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.03.040","article-title":"Effects of Soaking Whole Cereal and Legume Seeds on Iron, Zinc and Phytate Contents","volume":"89","author":"Lestienne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-8146(88)90152-5","article-title":"Effect of Domestic Processing and Cooking on the Antinutrients of Black Gram","volume":"30","author":"Kataria","year":"1988","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-009-9043-x","article-title":"A Review of the Antioxidant Mechanisms of Polyphenol Compounds Related to Iron Binding","volume":"53","author":"Perron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/53.2.537","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid Prevents the Dose-Dependent Inhibitory Effects of Polyphenols and Phytates on Nonheme-Iron Absorption","volume":"53","author":"Siegenberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_177","unstructured":"Watson, R.R., Preedy, V.R., and Zibadi, S. (2014). Chapter 24-Polyphenols and Low Iron Bioavailability. Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599000537","article-title":"Inhibition of Non-Haem Iron Absorption in Man by Polyphenolic-Containing Beverages","volume":"81","author":"Hurrell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_179","unstructured":"(2021, September 18). Statista Research Department Tea Market in India 2021-Statistics & Facts. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/4652\/tea-market-in-india\/."},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"997","article-title":"Miller Is Indian Tea (Chai) Detrimental to Dietary Iron Absorption?","volume":"22","author":"Gaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480802084844","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Spices and Herbs on Iron Availability","volume":"60","author":"Tuntipopipat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.12.2970","article-title":"Chili, but Not Turmeric, Inhibits Iron Absorption in Young Women from an Iron-Fortified Composite Meal","volume":"136","author":"Tuntipopipat","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480701791176","article-title":"Oxalates in Some Indian Green Leafy Vegetables","volume":"59","author":"Savage","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28674F","article-title":"Iron Bioavailability and Dietary Reference Values","volume":"91","author":"Hurrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timoshnikov, V.A., Kobzeva, T.V., Polyakov, N.E., and Kontoghiorghes, G.J. (2020). Redox Interactions of Vitamin C and Iron: Inhibition of the Pro-Oxidant Activity by Deferiprone. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113967"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.134031","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid Offsets the Inhibitory Effect of Bioactive Dietary Polyphenolic Compounds on Transepithelial Iron Transport in Caco-2 Intestinal Cells12","volume":"141","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000503","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid Can Reverse the Inhibition of Phytic Acid, Sodium Oxalate and Sodium Silicate on Iron Absorption in Caco-2 Cells","volume":"88","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/49.1.140","article-title":"Iron Absorption in Man: Ascorbic Acid and Dose-Dependent Inhibition by Phytate","volume":"49","author":"Hallberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.4.881","article-title":"Iron Absorption in Young Indian Women: The Interaction of Iron Status with the Influence of Tea and Ascorbic Acid","volume":"87","author":"Thankachan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.193417","article-title":"Inhibition of Iron Absorption by Calcium Is Modest in an Iron-Fortified, Casein- and Whey-Based Drink in Indian Children and Is Easily Compensated for by Addition of Ascorbic Acid","volume":"144","author":"Walczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"151","article-title":"Haematologic Response of Anaemic Preschool Children to Ascorbic Acid Supplementation","volume":"39","author":"Seshadri","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hum. Nutr. Appl. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_192","first-page":"403","article-title":"Correction of Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Vegetarians by Administration of Ascorbic Acid","volume":"39","author":"Sharma","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian J. Physiol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8426","DOI":"10.1021\/jf100716t","article-title":"Higher Bioaccessibility of Iron and Zinc from Food Grains in the Presence of Garlic and Onion","volume":"58","author":"Gautam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2011.556109","article-title":"Promoting Influence of Combinations of Amchur, \u03b2-Carotene-Rich Vegetables and Allium Spices on the Bioaccessibility of Zinc and Iron from Food Grains","volume":"62","author":"Gautam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.12.012","article-title":"Intestinal Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factors Are Essential for Iron Absorption Following Iron Deficiency","volume":"9","author":"Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.564333","article-title":"Iron Nutrition in Adolescence","volume":"53","author":"Seiquer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.2.440S","article-title":"Iron Requirements in Adolescent Females","volume":"130","author":"Beard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2009.06.001","article-title":"Iron Sequestration and Anemia of Inflammation","volume":"46","author":"Ganz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200420945","article-title":"IL-6 Mediates Hypoferremia of Inflammation by Inducing the Synthesis of the Iron Regulatory Hormone Hepcidin","volume":"113","author":"Nemeth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-027631","article-title":"Interleukin-6 Induces Hepcidin Expression through STAT3","volume":"108","author":"Wrighting","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2007.007167","article-title":"Interpreting Indicators of Iron Status during an Acute Phase Response\u2013Lessons from Malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus","volume":"45","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/10\/3538\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:10:55Z","timestamp":1760166655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/10\/3538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"references-count":201,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13103538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13103538","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]}}}