{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T22:54:38Z","timestamp":1771455278131,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Are free carnitine concentrations on newborn screening (NBS) 48\u201372 h after birth lower in patients who develop type 1 diabetes than in controls? A retrospective case-control study of patients with type 1 diabetes was conducted. NBS results of patients from a Sydney hospital were compared against matched controls from the same hospital (1:5). Multiple imputation was performed for estimating missing data (gestational age) using gender and birthweight. Conditional logistic regression was used to control for confounding and to generate parameter estimates (\u03b1 = 0.05). The Hommel approach was used for post-hoc analyses. Results are reported as medians and interquartile ranges. A total of 159 patients were eligible (80 females). Antibodies were detectable in 86. Median age at diagnosis was 8 years. Free carnitine concentrations were lower in patients than controls (25.50 \u00b5mol\/L;18.98\u201333.61 vs. 27.26; 21.22\u201334.86 respectively) (p = 0.018). Immunoreactive trypsinogen was higher in this group (20.24 \u00b5g\/L;16.15\u201329\u201352 vs. 18.71; 13.96\u201326.92) (p = 0.045), which did not persist in the post-hoc analysis. Carnitine levels are lower and immunoreactive trypsinogen might be higher, within 2\u20133 days of birth and years before development of type 1 diabetes as compared to controls, although the differences were well within reference ranges and provide insight into the pathogenesis into neonatal onset of type 1 diabetes development rather than use as a diagnostic tool. Given trypsinogen\u2019s use for evaluation of new-onset type 1 diabetes, larger studies are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T03:01:13Z","timestamp":1634698873000},"page":"3669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immunoreactive Trypsinogen and Free Carnitine Changes on Newborn Screening after Birth in Patients Who Develop Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jane Frances Grace Lustre","family":"Estrella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Macarthur Clinical School, Western Sydney University School of Medicine, Campbelltown 2560, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica C.","family":"Wiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSW Newborn Screening Program, Locked Bag 2012 Wentworthville, Sydney 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Genetic Medicine, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0560-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macarthur Clinical School, Western Sydney University School of Medicine, Campbelltown 2560, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-04980-0","article-title":"Circulating metabolites in progression to islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081800","article-title":"Dysregulation of lipid and amino acid metabolism precedes islet autoimmunity in children who later progress to type 1 diabetes","volume":"205","author":"Simell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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