{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T11:00:24Z","timestamp":1761562824899,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regional Research Council in Uppsala-\u00d6rebro Region","award":["RFR-655021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFR-655021"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006722","name":"Center for Clinical Research Dalarna","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CKFUU-697961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CKFUU-697961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This is an observational study of interstitial glucose (IG) concentrations, IG variability and dietary intake under free-living conditions in 46 females with obesity but without diabetes. We used continuous glucose monitoring, open-ended food recording and step monitoring during regular dietary intake followed by a low-energy diet (LED). Thirty-nine participants completed both study periods. The mean BMI at baseline was 43.6 \u00b1 6.2 kg\/m2. Three weeks of LED resulted in a mean weight loss of 5.2% with a significant reduction in diurnal IG concentration but with greater glycemic variability observed during LED. The mean 24 h IG concentration decreased from 5.8 \u00b1 0.5 mmol\/L during the regular diet period to 5.4 \u00b1 0.5 mmol\/L (p &lt; 0.001) during LED, while the mean amplitude of glycemic excursion increased from 1.5 \u00b1 0.7 to 1.7 \u00b1 0.7 mmol\/L (p = 0.031). The positive incremental area under the curve at breakfast was significantly larger for LED compared to regular diet. The daily fiber intake and the glycemic index of breakfast meals were significantly associated with the glycemic variability during regular dietary intake. In conclusion, the 24 h mean IG concentration was lower but with more pronounced glycemic variability during LED compared to a regular diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T21:31:26Z","timestamp":1634765486000},"page":"3687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lower Interstitial Glucose Concentrations but Higher Glucose Variability during Low-Energy Diet Compared to Regular Diet\u2014An Observational Study in Females with Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9450-3714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inger","family":"Nilsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics and Speech Therapy, Mora Hospital, SE-792 51 Mora, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Research Dalarna, Region Dalarna, SE-791 82 Falun, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Food Studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala University, SE-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agneta","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala University, SE-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9150-1876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Laurenius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7981-5477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Osterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Mora Hospital, SE-792 51 Mora, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6243-2859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Sundbom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arvo","family":"Haenni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Bariatric Unit, Falun Hospital, SE-791 31 Falun, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, University Hospital, SE-750 85 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30054-X","article-title":"Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: A pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants","volume":"387","author":"Null","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2019.04.029","article-title":"Meta-analysis of metabolic surgery versus medical treatment for macrovascular complications and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Billeter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg. 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