{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:57:04Z","timestamp":1787504224153,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tourette syndrome results from a complex interaction between social\u2013environmental factors, multiple genetic abnormalities, and neurotransmitter disturbances. This study is a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial using probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 as an intervention to examine if probiotics improve symptoms of children with Tourette syndrome. This study enrolled children aged 5 to 18 years old who fulfilled DSM-V diagnostic criteria for Tourette syndrome. Patients were assessed before initiating the trial, at one month, and at two months after randomization. The primary outcome was evaluated by Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), and the secondary outcome studied the possible comorbidities in these children. The results revealed no significant difference in improvement in YGTSS between the control group and the PS128 group. As for secondary endpoints, an analysis of Conners\u2019 Continuous Performance Test (CPT) showed improvement in commission and detectability in the PS128 group. In conclusion, although probiotics may not have tic-reducing effects in children with Tourette syndrome, it may have benefits on comorbidities such as attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of probiotics on the comorbidities of Tourette syndrome children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T23:27:39Z","timestamp":1634858859000},"page":"3698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Randomized Controlled Trial of Probiotic PS128 in Children with Tourette Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chang-Chun","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Taiwan University Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital Heping Fuyou Branch, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee-Chin","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Taiwan University Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Jui","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chianne-Wen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Taiwan University Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4390-4742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying-Chieh","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng-Shiang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3604-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiao-Yun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Health and Welfare, University of Taipei, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang-Tso","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Taiwan University Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in Tourette syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Hirschtritt","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.09111692","article-title":"The neural circuits that generate tics in Tourette\u2019s syndrome","volume":"168","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. 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