{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:02:43Z","timestamp":1791921763586,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by social communication deficit and non-normative behavior. The people with autism often experience troubles with feeding. The purpose of this study was to conduct evaluation of the feeding and eating behaviors among children with autism. Patients and Methods: The study group included 41 high-functioning autistic children. The control group consisted of 34 children without the ASD. The questionnaire was used to assess the nutritional status. Results: The children with ASD fuss during mealtimes more frequently, they require entertaining and diverting their attention, they are fed by parents, and they consume their meals away from the table. The significant difference found in the use of utensils and food selectivity works to the disadvantage of the Study Group. Conclusions: The food selectivity occurs significantly more frequently among children with ASD. The feeding and eating problems should be considered on a wider scale. The cooperation of the multidisciplinary and the parents teams should be proposed in the ASD patients care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T23:51:36Z","timestamp":1635465096000},"page":"3850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Eating Behaviors of Children with Autism\u2014Pilot Study, Part II"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4135-2996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Kazek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Development Support Center \u201cPersevere\u201d, 40-583 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Brz\u00f3ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Development Support Center \u201cPersevere\u201d, 40-583 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1794-8546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Paprocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-583 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Iwanicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyk\u00f3w Street 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9788-0224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Kozio\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-583 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-583 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kapinos-Gorczyca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CZP Feniks, Daily Ward for Children and Adolescents, M\u0142y\u0144ska 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4738-6102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wirginia","family":"Likus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Ferlewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Development Support Center \u201cPersevere\u201d, 40-583 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Babraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Development Support Center \u201cPersevere\u201d, 40-583 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Buczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, John Paul II Upper Silesian Child Health Centre, Teaching Hospital No. 6 in Katowice, Medyk\u00f3w Street, 40-583 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"Krupka-Matuszczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Medical School in Silesia, Mickiewicz Street 29, 40-085 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Emich-Widera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-583 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.13189\/ujcm.2017.050202","article-title":"Global data on autism spectrum disorders prevalence: A review of facts, fallacies and limitations","volume":"5","author":"Onaolapo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Univ. J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders","volume":"38","author":"Lyall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1515\/folmed-2015-0015","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder\u2014A complex genetic disorder","volume":"57","author":"Ivanov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Folia Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00053","article-title":"Gene\u00d7 Environment interactions in autism spectrum disorders: Role of epigenetic mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Tordjman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ristori, M.V., Quagliariello, A., Reddel, S., Ianiro, G., Vicari, S., Gasbarrini, A., and Putignani, L. (2019). Autism, gastrointestinal symptoms and modulation of gut microbiota by nutritional interventions. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112812"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1878C","article-title":"Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with ASDs: A consensus report","volume":"125","author":"Buie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04357-7","article-title":"Feeding problems, gastrointestinal symptoms, challenging behavior and sensory issues in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"50","author":"Leader","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.104976","article-title":"Do early-life eating habits predict later autistic traits? Results from a population-based study","volume":"156","author":"Ester","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.11.005","article-title":"Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents in the Mediterranean region of Europe","volume":"16","author":"Scarpato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.10.088","article-title":"Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in colombian school children","volume":"164","author":"Saps","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babinska, K., Celusakova, H., Belica, I., Szapuova, Z., Waczulikova, I., Nemcsicsova, D., Tomova, A., and Ostatnikova, D. (2020). Gastrointestinal symptoms and feeding problems and their associations with dietary interventions, food supplement use, and behavioral characteristics in a sample of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176372"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S128","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200604002-00011","article-title":"Frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autistic spectrum disorders and association with family history of autoimmune disease","volume":"27","author":"McVicar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2010.43-155","article-title":"Recent studies on feeding problems in children with autism","volume":"43","author":"Volkert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Behav. Anal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TIN.0000312077.45953.6c","article-title":"A comparison of nutrient intake and eating behaviors of boys with and without autism","volume":"23","author":"Schmitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Top. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v20i1.59","article-title":"Parent-reported feeding and swallowing difficulties of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (aged 3 to 5 years) compared to typically developing peers: A South African study","volume":"20","author":"Viviers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13030-021-00212-3","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder and autistic traits in children with anorexia nervosa and avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder","volume":"15","author":"Inoue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361321995631","article-title":"Feeding and eating problems in children and adolescents with autism: A scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Baraskewich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/OnlineFirst\/58837","article-title":"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in girls. Co-occurring psychopathology. Sex differences in clinical manifestation","volume":"52","author":"Rynkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Ga\u0142ecki, P., Pilecki, M., Rymaszewska, J., Szulc, A., Sidorowicz, S., and Wci\u00f3rka, J. (2018). Kryteria Diagnostyczne Zaburze\u0144 Psychicznych DSM-5\u00ae, Edra Urban & Partner."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"28","article-title":"Nadpobudliwo\u015b\u0107 psychoruchowa\u2014Kryteria diagnostyczne, przebieg i trudno\u015bci na r\u00f3\u017cnych etapach rozwoju","volume":"22","author":"Januszewska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rocz. Filoz. Ignatianum"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2009.10.032","article-title":"Food selectivity and sensory sensitivity in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"110","author":"Cermak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/OnlineFirst\/45053","article-title":"The brain-gut axis dysfunctions and hypersensitivity to food antigens in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Dzikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422414000110","article-title":"Autism and nutrition: The role of the gut\u2013brain axis","volume":"27","author":"Brouns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20183218","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3218","article-title":"Dietary interventions for autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Fraguas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brz\u00f3ska, A., Kazek, B., Kozio\u0142, K., Kapinos-Gorczyca, A., Ferlewicz, M., Babraj, A., Makosz-Raczek, A., Likus, W., Paprocka, J., and Matusik, P. (2021). Eating behaviors of children with autism\u2014Pilot study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082687"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy308","article-title":"Repeated exposure to food and food acceptability in infants and toddlers: A systematic review","volume":"109","author":"Spill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2012.05.002","article-title":"An investigation of comorbid psychological disorders, sleep problems, gastrointestinal symptoms and epilepsy in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Res","volume":"7","author":"Mannion","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2014.04.017","article-title":"A Comparison of food refusal related to characteristics of food in children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children","volume":"114","author":"Hubbard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.07.019","article-title":"Mealtime behaviors associated with consumption of unfamiliar foods by young children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"95","author":"Stough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"217","article-title":"Children with diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract are more likely to develop feeding problems","volume":"32","author":"Sdravou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101429","article-title":"What behavior change techniques are associated with effective interventions to reduce screen time in 0\u20135 year olds? A narrative systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassul, C., Corish, C., and Kearney, J. (2021). Associations between home environment, children\u2019s and parents\u2019 characteristics and children\u2019s TV screen time behavior. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041589"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson, N., Biddle, S.J.H., Griffiths, P., Johnston, J.P., and Haycraft, E. (2018). Clustering and correlates of screen-time and eating behaviours among young children. BMC Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5698-9"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.07.010","article-title":"Persistent primary reflexes affect motor acts: Potential implications for autism spectrum disorder","volume":"83","author":"Chinello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, N.A.S., Ramli, N.S., Hamzaid, N.H., and Hassan, N.I. (2020). Exploring eating and nutritional challenges for children with autism spectrum disorder: Parents\u2019 and special educators\u2019 perceptions. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092530"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1630","article-title":"A practical approach to classifying and managing feeding difficulties","volume":"135","author":"Kerzner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S224779","article-title":"Eating and mealtime behaviors in patients with autism spectrum disorder: Current perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Margari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarmo\u0142owska, B., Buka\u0142o, M., Fiedorowicz, E., Cie\u015bli\u0144ska, A., Kordulewska, N.K., Moszy\u0144ska, M., \u015awi\u0105tecki, A., and Kostyra, E. (2019). Role of milk-derived opioid peptides and proline dipeptidyl peptidase-4 in autism spectrum disorders. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010087"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"12222","article-title":"Effects of diet, nutrition, and exercise in children with autism and autism spectrum disorder: A literature review","volume":"12","author":"Doreswamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsv006","article-title":"Behavioral pediatrics feeding assessment scale in young children with autism spectrum disorder: Psychometrics and associations with child and parent variables","volume":"40","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsz033","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"44","author":"Peverill","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2205-8","article-title":"Nutritional status of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs): A case\u2013control study","volume":"45","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802532","article-title":"Role of parents in the determination of the food preferences of children and the development of obesity","volume":"28","author":"Benton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.3150","article-title":"Effect of parent training vs. parent education on behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"313","author":"Bearss","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsy063","article-title":"Parent training for feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorder: Initial randomized trial","volume":"44","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/11\/3850\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:21:55Z","timestamp":1760167315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/11\/3850"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13113850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13113850","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]}}}