{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T12:23:45Z","timestamp":1781871825473,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P3-0395; P2-0098; L3-8213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P3-0395; P2-0098; L3-8213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019896","name":"Ministry of Health of Republic of Slovenia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L3-8213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L3-8213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019896","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014803","name":"European Food Safety Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OC\/EFSA\/DATA\/2014\/02-LOT2-CT03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OC\/EFSA\/DATA\/2014\/02-LOT2-CT03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Folate deficiency is associated with various health issues, including anemia, cardiovascular disease, and birth defects. Low folate intake and suboptimal folate status were found in several countries; however, this topic has not yet been investigated in Slovenia. Dietary folate intake and serum folate status were investigated through the nationally representative food consumption study SI.Menu\/Nutrihealth. Folate intake was estimated using a sample of N = 1248 subjects aged 10\u201374 years, stratified in three age groups (adolescents, adults, elderly population), through two 24 h-dietary recalls and food propensity questionnaire. Data on serum folate and homocysteine was available for 280 participants. Very low folate intake (&lt;300 \u00b5g\/day) was observed in 59% of adolescents, 58% of adults and 68% of elderlies, and only about 12% achieved the WHO recommended level of 400 \u00b5g\/day. Major dietary contributors were vegetables and fruit, and cereal products. Living environment, education, employment status and BMI were linked with low folate intake in adults; BMI, and sex in adolescents; and sex in elderlies. Considering low serum folate (&lt;7 nmol\/L) and high serum homocysteine (&gt;15 nmol\/L), folate deficiency was found in 7.6 and 10.5% in adults and elderlies, respectively. Additional public health strategies should be employed to promote the consumption of folate-rich foods. With current folate intakes, supplementation with folic acid is relevant especially in specific vulnerable populations, particularly in women planning and during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T23:51:36Z","timestamp":1635465096000},"page":"3860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Dietary Intake of Folate and Assessment of the Folate Deficiency Prevalence in Slovenia Using Serum Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8634-1778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Pravst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Institute, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"VIST\u2013Higher School of Applied Sciences, Gerbi\u010deva cesta 51A, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9251-322X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017diva","family":"Lavri\u0161a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Institute, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1756-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0161a","family":"Hribar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Institute, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5088-9747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hristo","family":"Hristov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Institute, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naska","family":"Kvarantan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Institute, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, NL-6708 Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7597-2590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara Korou\u0161i\u0107","family":"Seljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Systems Department, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matej","family":"Gregori\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ur\u0161ka","family":"Blaznik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadan","family":"Gregori\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Zaletel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3105-2746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrijana","family":"Oblak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1839-2415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u0161ko","family":"Osredkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0032-318X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"\u017dmitek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Institute, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"VIST\u2013Higher School of Applied Sciences, Gerbi\u010deva cesta 51A, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9168-9728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Ku\u0161ar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Institute, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.8.2444S","article-title":"Impact of Folate Deficiency on DNA Stability","volume":"132","author":"Duthie","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Trends of under-five mortality in Nineveh (2004\u20132013): A time series analysis","volume":"1","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"52","article-title":"Folic Acid supplementation and pregnancy: More than just neural tube defect prevention","volume":"4","author":"Greenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S114","article-title":"Effects of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies during pregnancy on fetal, infant, and child development","volume":"29","author":"Molloy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68582-6","article-title":"Folic acid: A public-health challenge","volume":"367","author":"Eichholzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S105","article-title":"Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency","volume":"29","author":"Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.004671","article-title":"MTHFR 677C\u2192T genotype is associated with folate and homocysteine concentrations in a large, population-based, double-blind trial of folic acid supplementation","volume":"93","author":"Crider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-7754(02)70209-1","article-title":"Folate status and the safety profile of antifolates","volume":"29","author":"Calvert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/46.6.1016","article-title":"Folate requirement and metabolism in nonpregnant women","volume":"46","author":"Sauberlich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(98)00013-8","article-title":"Determination of food folate","volume":"9","author":"Tamura","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002733","article-title":"The effect of different cooking methods on folate retention in various foods that are amongst the major contributors to folate intake in the UK diet","volume":"88","author":"McKillop","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000012840","article-title":"Bioavailability of folate from processed spinach in humans. Effect of food matrix and interaction with carotenoids","volume":"44","author":"Castenmiller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1977.tb00149.x","article-title":"Total folate activity in Brussels sprouts: The effects of storage, processing, cooking and ascorbic acid content","volume":"12","author":"Malin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"EC (2021, August 31). Community Register on the Addition of Vitamins and Minerals and of Certain Other Substances to Foods. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/system\/files\/2021-01\/labelling_nutrition-vitamins_minerals-comm_reg_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"EC (2021, February 15). Directive 2002\/46\/EC on the Approximation of the Laws of the Member States Relating to Food Supplements. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32002L0046."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.4.1376S","article-title":"Case Study: Folate Bioavailability","volume":"131","author":"Gregory","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.206599","article-title":"Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development\u2014Folate Review","volume":"145","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2018-205048","article-title":"Laboratory assessment of folate (vitamin B9) status","volume":"71","author":"Harrington","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"WHO (2021, August 31). Serum and Red Blood Cell Folate Concentrations for Assessing Folate Status in Populations. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/75584\/WHO_NMH_NHD_EPG_12.1_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/39.9.1764","article-title":"Total homocysteine in plasma or serum: Methods and clinical applications","volume":"39","author":"Ueland","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666s","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.009613","article-title":"Indicators for assessing folate and vitamin B-12 status and for monitoring the efficacy of intervention strategies","volume":"94","author":"Green","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.49.1.31","article-title":"Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease","volume":"49","author":"Refsum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.8.2542","article-title":"Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia is a risk factor for arterial endothelial dysfunction in humans","volume":"96","author":"Woo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199804093381507","article-title":"Homocysteine and atherothrombosis","volume":"338","author":"Welch","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(90)90298-Q","article-title":"Measurement of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in man by high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"39","author":"Leeming","year":"1990","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2021, August 31). IOM Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK114318\/."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"WHO (2021, August 31). Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in Human Nutrition. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/42716\/9241546123.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"3893","article-title":"Allergies. Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for folate","volume":"12","year":"2014","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"NIJZ (2021, August 31). Referen\u010dne Vrednosti za Energijski Vnos ter Vnos Hranil. Available online: https:\/\/www.nijz.si\/sites\/www.nijz.si\/files\/uploaded\/referencne_vrednosti_za_energijski_vnos_ter_vnos_hranil_obl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.45","article-title":"Revised D-A-CH intake recommendations for folate: How much is needed?","volume":"68","author":"Krawinkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"D-A-CH (2021, August 31). Reference Values DACH. Available online: https:\/\/www.sge-ssn.ch\/grundlagen\/lebensmittel-und-naehrstoffe\/naehrstoffempfehlungen\/dachreferenzwerte\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1159\/000342469","article-title":"Dietary Intake of Macro- and Micronutrients in Slovenian Adolescents: Comparison with Reference Values","volume":"61","author":"Kobe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"86","article-title":"Dietary Intake In Adult Female Coeliac Disease Patients In Slovenia: Prehranski Vnos Odraslih Bolnic S Celiakijo V Sloveniji","volume":"55","author":"Mijatov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zdr. Varst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rippin, H.L., Hutchinson, J., Jewell, J., Breda, J.J., and Cade, J.E. (2017). Adult nutrient intakes from current national dietary surveys of European populations. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121288"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crider, K.S., Bailey, L.B., and Berry, R.J. (2011). Folic acid food fortification-its history, effect, concerns, and future directions. Nutrients, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3030370"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2792","article-title":"Folic Acid Intake from Fortification in United States Exceeds Predictions","volume":"132","author":"Choumenkovitch","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.3.517","article-title":"Is folic acid good for everyone?","volume":"87","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017dmitek, K., Kru\u0161i\u010d, S., and Pravst, I. (2021). An Approach to Investigate Content-Related Quality of Nutraceuticals Used by Slovenian Consumers: A Case Study with Folate and Vitamin D Supplements. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10040845"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-199813060-00001","article-title":"Should all elderly people receive folate supplements?","volume":"13","author":"Ubbink","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drugs Aging."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2011.02484.x","article-title":"Associations between serum homocysteine, holotranscobalamin, folate and cognition in the elderly: A longitudinal study","volume":"271","author":"Hooshmand","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1159\/000070032","article-title":"Influence of Training Volume and Acute Physical Exercise on the Homocysteine Levels in Endurance-Trained Men: Interactions with Plasma Folate and Vitamin B12","volume":"47","author":"Deibert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"EC (2021, August 31). Regulation (EC) No 1925\/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on the Addition of Vitamins and Minerals and of Certain Other Substances to Foods. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/AUTO\/?uri=CELEX:02006R1925-20210408."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9353","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7115474","article-title":"Consumers\u2019 exposure to nutrition and health claims on pre-packed foods: Use of sales weighting for assessing the food supply in Slovenia","volume":"7","author":"Pravst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"39","article-title":"Guidance on the EU Menu methodology","volume":"12","author":"Authority","year":"2014","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zupani\u010d, N., Hribar, M., Hristov, H., Lavri\u0161a, \u017d., Ku\u0161ar, A., Gregori\u010d, M., Blaznik, U., Korou\u0161i\u0107 Seljak, B., Golja, P., and Vidrih, R. (2021). Dietary Intake of trans Fatty Acids in the Slovenian Population. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010207"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"17","article-title":"Total and Free Sugars Consumption in a Slovenian Population Representative Sample","volume":"12","author":"Hristov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hribar, M., Hristov, H., Gregori\u010d, M., Blaznik, U., Zaletel, K., Oblak, A., Osredkar, J., Ku\u0161ar, A., \u017dmitek, K., and Rogelj, I. (2020). Nutrihealth Study: Seasonal Variation in Vitamin D Status Among the Slovenian Adult and Elderly Population. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061838"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregori\u010d, M., Blaznik, U., Delfar, N., Zaletel, M., Lavtar, D., Seljak, B.K., Golja, P., Kotnik, K.Z., Pravst, I., and Mis, N.F. (2019). Slovenian national food consumption survey in adolescents, adults and elderly. EFSA Supporting Publ., 16.","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2019.EN-1729"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001200105X","article-title":"Worldwide implementation of the WHO child growth standards","volume":"15","author":"Onyango","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043497","article-title":"Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents","volume":"85","author":"Onis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-115","article-title":"Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF): A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Vede, T. (2016). Izdelava in validacija slikovnega gradiva za dolo\u010danje vnosa \u017eivil. Design and Validation of Food Picture Book, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.01.005","article-title":"The Slovenian food composition database","volume":"140","author":"Golob","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Fineli (2021, August 31). Finnish Food Composition Database. Available online: https:\/\/fineli.fi\/fineli\/en\/index."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2006.02.002","article-title":"USDA food and nutrient database for dietary studies: Released on the web","volume":"19","author":"Ahuja","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826711425777","article-title":"International collaborative project to compare and monitor the nutritional composition of processed foods","volume":"19","author":"Dunford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP64BJIPNPSQDJ","article-title":"Performance Characteristics of Six Homocysteine Assays","volume":"130","author":"Rawlins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.92","article-title":"The MSM program: Web-based statistics package for estimating usual dietary intake using the Multiple Source Method","volume":"65","author":"Harttig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hribar, M., Hristov, H., Lavri\u0161a, \u017d., Korou\u0161i\u0107 Seljak, B., Gregori\u010d, M., Blaznik, U., \u017dmitek, K., and Pravst, I. (2021). Vitamin D Intake in Slovenian Adolescents, Adults, and the Elderly Population. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103528"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.120394","article-title":"Estimating Usual Food Intake Distributions by Using the Multiple Source Method in the EPIC-Potsdam Calibration Study","volume":"141","author":"Haubrock","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1401400104","article-title":"Calibrating Survey Data using Iterative Proportional Fitting (Raking)","volume":"14","author":"Kolenikov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.1.221","article-title":"Effect of food fortification on folic acid intake in the United States","volume":"77","author":"Quinlivan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2003.10719270","article-title":"Folate: A key to optimizing health and reducing disease risk in the elderly","volume":"22","author":"Rampersaud","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.1.86","article-title":"Relation of higher folate intake to lower risk of Alzheimer disease in the elderly","volume":"64","author":"Luchsinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S1525-8610(04)70210-8","article-title":"Evaluation of vitamin B12 and folate status in the nursing home","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Med Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4943(97)00028-9","article-title":"Low folate levels in the cognitive decline of elderly patients and the efficacy of folate as a treatment for improving memory deficits","volume":"26","author":"Fioravanti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602897","article-title":"Dietary intake and status of folate and vitamin B12 and their association with homocysteine and cardiovascular disease in European populations","volume":"63","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.6.1027","article-title":"Association between B vitamin intake and plasma homocysteine concentration in the general Dutch population aged 20\u201365 y","volume":"73","author":"Verschuren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1069","article-title":"The North\/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey: Vitamin intakes in 18\u201364-year-old adults","volume":"4","author":"Kiely","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"275","article-title":"Dietary intake of vitamins B 6, B 12 and folate in relation to homocysteine serum concentration in the adult Polish population-WOBASZ Project","volume":"68","author":"Sygnowska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol. (Pol. Heart J. )"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601507","article-title":"Folate intake, plasma folate and homocysteine status in a random Finnish population","volume":"57","author":"Alfthan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601782","article-title":"Population dietary habits and physical activity modification with age","volume":"58","author":"Marrugat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.12.3025","article-title":"Dietary intake pattern relates to plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations in the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"126","author":"Tucker","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2001209","article-title":"Vitamins in Spanish food patterns: The eVe Study","volume":"4","author":"Aranceta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2006.00723.x","article-title":"The effect of socioeconomic status on dietary intake, physical activity and Body Mass Index in Austrian pregnant women","volume":"19","author":"Freisling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2013.11.014","article-title":"Folate intake and folate serum levels in men and women from two European populations: The IMMIDIET project","volume":"30","author":"Pounis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.140","article-title":"Impact of objective and subjective social status on obesity in a biracial cohort of adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Goodman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8292(01)00028-4","article-title":"An ecological study of the relationship between social and environmental determinants of obesity","volume":"8","author":"Reidpath","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Gregori\u010d, M., Blaznik, U., and Turk, V. (2021, August 31). Razli\u010dni Vidiki Prehranjevanja Prebivalcev Slovenije (V Starosti Od 3 Mesecev Do 74 Let). Available online: https:\/\/www.nijz.si\/sites\/www.nijz.si\/files\/publikacije-datoteke\/razlicni_vidiki_prehranjevanja_prebivalcev_slovenije.pdf."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011001637","article-title":"Consumer food choices: The role of price and pricing strategies","volume":"14","author":"Steenhuis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009992989","article-title":"Energy density, energy costs and income\u2014How are they related?","volume":"13","author":"Waterlander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2007.08.015","article-title":"Is price a barrier to eating more fruits and vegetables for low-income families?","volume":"107","author":"Cassady","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.4.765","article-title":"Folate intake of the Dutch population according to newly established liquid chromatography data for foods","volume":"73","author":"Konings","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265080292S107","article-title":"Review of the magnitude of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies worldwide","volume":"29","author":"McLean","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.4.1331S","article-title":"Bioavailability of nutrients and other bioactive components from dietary supplements","volume":"131","author":"Yates","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.07.013","article-title":"Folates: Chemistry, analysis, occurrence, biofortification and bioavailability","volume":"89","author":"Saini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1617-9625-4-8","article-title":"Smoking status in relation to serum folate and dietary vitamin intake","volume":"4","author":"Vardavas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tob. Induc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.4.559","article-title":"Local and systemic effects of cigarette smoking on folate and vitamin B\u221212","volume":"60","author":"Piyathilake","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510220049033","article-title":"Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population","volume":"270","author":"Selhub","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.092726","article-title":"Demographic, Lifestyle, and Health Characteristics and Serum B Vitamin Status Are Determinants of Plasma Total Homocysteine Concentration in the Post-Folic Acid Fortification Period, 1999\u20132004","volume":"139","author":"Ganji","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1994.tb00856.x","article-title":"Homocysteine and cysteine: Determinants of plasma levels in middle-aged and elderly subjects","volume":"236","author":"LINDGREN","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.5.1241","article-title":"Screening for vitamin B-12 and folate deficiency in older persons","volume":"77","author":"Clarke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.4.806","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of folic acid on blood concentrations of homocysteine: A meta-analysis of the randomized trials","volume":"82","author":"Collaboration","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200411000-00011","article-title":"Folate and brain function in the elderly","volume":"7","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml063","article-title":"Impact of folate and homocysteine metabolism on human reproductive health","volume":"13","author":"Forges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_96.1","unstructured":"EFSA (2013). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to increasing maternal folate status by supplemental folate intake and reduced risk of neural tube defects pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_96.2","unstructured":"(EC) No 1924\/2006. EFSA J., 11, 3328."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00115.x","article-title":"Evidence for suboptimal use of periconceptional folic acid supplements globally","volume":"111","author":"Ray","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJOG: Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19438","article-title":"Folic Acid Supplementation for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement","volume":"317","author":"Force","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.647038","article-title":"Prevention of Neural Tube Defects in Europe: A Public Health Failure","volume":"9","author":"Morris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zekovic, M., Djekic-Ivankovic, M., Nikolic, M., Gurinovic, M., Krajnovic, D., and Glibetic, M. (2017). Validity of the Food Frequency Questionnaire Assessing the Folate Intake in Women of Reproductive Age Living in a Country without Food Fortification: Application of the Method of Triads. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9020128"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-004-2253-z","article-title":"Body mass index and serum folate in childbearing age women","volume":"19","author":"Mojtabai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13963","article-title":"Global folate status in women of reproductive age: A systematic review with emphasis on methodological issues","volume":"1431","author":"Rogers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2011.01.005","article-title":"Incidence and prevention of neural tube defects in Slovenia","volume":"156","author":"Kokalj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042663","article-title":"Assessing the Association between Natural Food Folate Intake and Blood Folate Concentrations: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Trials and Observational Studies","volume":"7","author":"Marchetta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(99)00076-7","article-title":"Comparison of nutritional habits among various adult age groups in Slovenia","volume":"19","author":"Koch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"8781","article-title":"Food standards: Amendment of standards of identity for enriched grain products to require addition of folic acid; final rule (21 CFR Parts 136, 137, and 139)","volume":"61","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fed. Regist."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"3702","article-title":"Regulations amending the Food and Drug Regulations (1066)","volume":"131","author":"Canada","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can Gaz Part 1"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.10.3166","article-title":"Consumption of folic acid\u2013fortified bread improves folate status in women of reproductive age in Chile","volume":"133","author":"Hertrampf","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"DHSC (2021, September 21). Folic Acid Added to Flour to Prevent Spinal Conditions in Babies, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/folic-acid-added-to-flour-to-prevent-spinal-conditions-in-babies."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2005.10719474","article-title":"The effect of folate fortification of cereal-grain products on blood folate status, dietary folate intake, and dietary folate sources among adult non-supplement users in the United States","volume":"24","author":"Dietrich","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"EC (2021, September 21). Fortification with Folic Acid Could help Prevent Severe Birth Defects in at Least 1000 Pregnancies per Year. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/jrc\/en\/news\/fortification-folic-acid-could-help-prevent-severe-birth-defects-least-1000-pregnancies-year."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000040","article-title":"Genetic variation: Impact on folate (and choline) bioefficacy","volume":"80","author":"West","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633s","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.008227","article-title":"Executive summary:Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development: Building a Consensus","volume":"94","author":"Raiten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/11\/3860\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:22:12Z","timestamp":1760167332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/11\/3860"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13113860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13113860","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]}}}