{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:33:57Z","timestamp":1780677237794,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Istanbul University Cerrahpa\u015fa","award":["TSG-2020-34998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSG-2020-34998"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We aimed to establish an acute treatment protocol to increase serum vitamin D, evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin D3 supplementation, and reveal the potential mechanisms in COVID-19. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 867 COVID-19 cases. Then, a prospective study was conducted, including 23 healthy individuals and 210 cases. A total of 163 cases had vitamin D supplementation, and 95 were followed for 14 days. Clinical outcomes, routine blood biomarkers, serum levels of vitamin D metabolism, and action mechanism-related parameters were evaluated. Results: Our treatment protocol increased the serum 25OHD levels significantly to above 30 ng\/mL within two weeks. COVID-19 cases (no comorbidities, no vitamin D treatment, 25OHD &lt;30 ng\/mL) had 1.9-fold increased risk of having hospitalization longer than 8 days compared with the cases with comorbidities and vitamin D treatment. Having vitamin D treatment decreased the mortality rate by 2.14 times. The correlation analysis of specific serum biomarkers with 25OHD indicated that the vitamin D action in COVID-19 might involve regulation of INOS1, IL1B, IFNg, cathelicidin-LL37, and ICAM1. Conclusions: Vitamin D treatment shortened hospital stay and decreased mortality in COVID-19 cases, even in the existence of comorbidities. Vitamin D supplementation is effective on various target parameters; therefore, it is essential for COVID-19 treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:51:53Z","timestamp":1636923113000},"page":"4047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Rapid and Effective Vitamin D Supplementation May Present Better Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Patients by Altering Serum INOS1, IL1B, IFNg, Cathelicidin-LL37, and ICAM1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1089-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa Sait","family":"G\u00f6nen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merve","family":"Alayl\u0131o\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"Durcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"\u00d6zdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serdar","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dildar","family":"Konuko\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8111-8072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Okan Kadir","family":"Nohut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fikert Biyal Biochemistry Laboratory, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seval","family":"\u00dcrkmez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berna","family":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerrahpasa Hospital Pharmacy Unit, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130lker \u0130nan\u00e7","family":"Balkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7702-9731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. Volkan","family":"Kara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0089-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015eermin","family":"B\u00f6rek\u00e7i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hande","family":"\u00d6zkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zekayi","family":"Kutlubay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology and Venerology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yal\u0131m","family":"Dikmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y\u0131lmaz","family":"Keskindemirci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Directorate of Hospitals, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Health Services Vocational School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4225-2746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon N.","family":"Karras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scholarship Foundation, 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7199-8109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cedric","family":"Annweiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Angers University Hospital, 49035 Angers, France"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duygu","family":"Gezen-Ak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3701-6674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erdin\u00e7","family":"Dursun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratories, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16659","article-title":"Relationships among lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and the pulmonary inflammation index in coronavirus (COVID-19) infected patients","volume":"189","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. 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