{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T02:45:22Z","timestamp":1772851522366,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Premature infants have a fragile ecology of the gut microbiota, which is associated with many health problems and may be influenced by formula versus breast feeding. The present study investigated differences in the process of gut microbiota colonisation in preterm infants fed with breastmilk or formula with or without probiotics before 12 weeks. This cohort study recruited 138 premature infants; 31 in the breastmilk (BM) group, 59 in the probiotics formula (PF) group and 48 in the non-probiotics formula (NPF) group, according to the feeding practice they received at birth. Gut bacterial composition was identified with 16S rRNA gene sequencing in faecal samples collected at 1 week, 6 weeks and 12 weeks after birth. The alpha diversity was higher in the PF group compared to the other groups at week 1 and 6 (both p &lt; 0.01) but showed no difference at week 12. The beta diversity of the three groups showed a trend towards similarity at the first two stages (p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.009, respectively) and finally showed no difference at week 12. Canonical redundancy analysis showed that feeding type could explain the difference in gut microbiota composition at week one and six (both p &lt; 0.01). At genus level, Bifidobacterium was enriched in the PF group, while the Enterococcus and Streptococcus was enriched in the NPF group. In summary, formula with probiotics feeding after birth can affect gut microbiota colonisation and lead to a bacterial community with less potential pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:51:53Z","timestamp":1636923113000},"page":"4068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Early Gut Microbiota Colonisation of Premature Infants Fed with Breastmilk or Formula with or without Probiotics: A Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Chi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China"},{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia"},{"name":"School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5402-9106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261042, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Buys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4892-6748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicki L.","family":"Clifton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul B.","family":"Colditz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal Research Centre, UQCCR, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenghong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0097-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.119","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis: New insights into pathogenesis and mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Nino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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