{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T09:21:06Z","timestamp":1775726466265,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Dutch Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NWO-WIAS Graduate Program grant 2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NWO-WIAS Graduate Program grant 2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Dutch Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALWTF.2015.5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALWTF.2015.5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020-EU 3.2.2.1\/2 PREVENTOMICS GA 818318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-EU 3.2.2.1\/2 PREVENTOMICS GA 818318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-fitness individuals have been suggested to be at risk of a poor vitamin B2 (riboflavin) status due to a potentially higher vitamin B2 demand, as measured by the erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EGR) activation coefficient (EGRAC). Longer-term exercise interventions have been shown to result in a lower vitamin B2 status, but studies are contradictory. Short-term exercise effects potentially contribute to discrepancies between studies but have only been tested in limited study populations. This study investigated if vitamin B2 status, measured by EGRAC, is affected by a single exercise bout in females who differ in fitness levels, and that represents long-term physical activity. At baseline and overnight after a 60-min cycling bout at 70% V\u00b7O2peak, EGR activity and EGRAC were measured in 31 young female adults, divided into a high-fit (V\u00b7O2peak \u2265 47 mL\/kg\/min, N = 15) and low-fit (V\u00b7O2peak \u2264 37 mL\/kg\/min, N = 16) group. A single exercise bout significantly increased EGR activity in high-fit and low-fit females (Ptime = 0.006). This response was not affected by fitness level (Ptime*group = 0.256). The effect of exercise on EGRAC was not significant (Ptime = 0.079) and not influenced by EGR activity. The exercise response of EGRAC was not significantly different between high-fit and low-fit females (Ptime*group = 0.141). Thus, a single exercise bout increased EGR activity, but did not affect EGRAC, indicating that vitamin B2 status was not affected. The exercise response on EGRAC and EGR did not differ between high-fit and low-fit females.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T02:42:28Z","timestamp":1637116948000},"page":"4097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Effect of a Single Bout of Exercise on Vitamin B2 Status Is Not Different between High- and Low-Fit Females"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5709-8895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00eblle J. E.","family":"Janssen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8558-2385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"Lagerwaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"TI Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0999-5422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arie G.","family":"Nieuwenhuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvie","family":"Timmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent C. J.","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9720-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaap","family":"Keijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise","volume":"2","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00486","article-title":"Redox mechanism of reactive oxygen species in exercise","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.79.3.675","article-title":"Oxidants and antioxidants in exercise","volume":"79","author":"Sen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.3976","article-title":"Control of reactive oxygen species production in contracting skeletal muscle","volume":"15","author":"Jackson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2006.04.014","article-title":"Mitochondrial function and toxicity: Role of the B vitamin family on mitochondrial energy metabolism","volume":"163","author":"Depeint","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2013.02.015","article-title":"The human flavoproteome","volume":"535","author":"Lienhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2007.01.010","article-title":"Flavoenzymes","volume":"11","author":"Joosten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"120","article-title":"The structure of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase","volume":"273","author":"Schulz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.16.5.453","article-title":"B-vitamins and exercise: Does exercise alter requirements?","volume":"16","author":"Woolf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"e04919","article-title":"Dietary reference values for riboflavin","volume":"15","author":"Turck","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/22.3.327","article-title":"Evaluation of methods of coenzyme activation of erythrocyte enzymes for detection of deficiency of vitamins B1, B2, and B6","volume":"22","author":"Bayoumi","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/25.8.756","article-title":"Application of the erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay in evaluating riboflavin nutritional status in a high school student population","volume":"25","author":"Sauberlich","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27230B","article-title":"Studies of biomarker responses to intervention with riboflavin: A systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Hoey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.270","article-title":"Effects of exercise on riboflavin requirements: Biological validation in weight reducing women","volume":"41","author":"Belko","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/37.4.509","article-title":"Effects of exercise on riboflavin requirements of young women","volume":"37","author":"Belko","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/40.3.553","article-title":"Effects of aerobic exercise and weight loss on riboflavin requirements of moderately obese, marginally deficient young women","volume":"40","author":"Belko","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/56.3.526","article-title":"Riboflavin requirements and exercise adaptation in older women","volume":"56","author":"Winters","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19930054","article-title":"The effect of exercise on the riboflavin status of adult men","volume":"69","author":"Soares","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"173","article-title":"Physical training and fasting erythrocyte activities of free radical scavenging enzyme systems in sedentary men","volume":"57","author":"Ohno","year":"1988","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000177720","article-title":"Micronutrient status in females during a 24-week fitness-type exercise program","volume":"36","author":"Fogelholm","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"354","article-title":"Changes in blood glutathione concentrations, and in erythrocyte glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activity after running training and after participation in contests","volume":"64","author":"Evelo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/47.2.186","article-title":"Vitamin and mineral status of trained athletes including the effects of supplementation","volume":"47","author":"Weight","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198908000-00017","article-title":"Vitamin status of young athletes including the effects of supplementation","volume":"21","author":"Guilland","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(05)80626-8","article-title":"Riboflavin status of female athletes consuming normal diets","volume":"11","author":"Keith","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.1044430","article-title":"Assessment of intake and nutritional status of vitamin B1, B2, and B6 in men and women with different physical activity levels","volume":"30","author":"Malara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(84)80005-6","article-title":"The effects of a riboflavin supplementation on the nutritional status and performance of elite swimmers","volume":"4","author":"Tremblay","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.40.11","article-title":"Assessment of vitamin B2 status in performance athletes of various types of sports","volume":"40","author":"Rokitzki","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.70.5.238","article-title":"Does a 100-km walking affect indicators of vitamin status?","volume":"70","author":"Frank","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1139\/y86-213","article-title":"The effect of brief physical exercise on free radical scavenging enzyme systems in human red blood cells","volume":"64","author":"Ohno","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410410001716724","article-title":"Pre-exercise antioxidant enzyme activities determine the antioxidant enzyme erythrocyte response to exercise","volume":"23","author":"Tauler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1799","article-title":"In vivo assessment of muscle mitochondrial function in healthy, young males in relation to parameters of aerobic fitness","volume":"119","author":"Lagerwaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14838","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14838","article-title":"Muscle mitochondrial capacity in high-and low-fitness females using near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"9","author":"Lagerwaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-75","article-title":"Relative validity of the food frequency questionnaire used to assess dietary intake in the Leiden Longevity Study","volume":"12","author":"Streppel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508162997","article-title":"Effects of methodological variation on assessment of riboflavin status using the erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient assay","volume":"102","author":"Hill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4498","article-title":"Oxygen consumption and usage during physical exercise: The balance between oxidative stress and ROS-dependent adaptive signaling","volume":"18","author":"Radak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"81","article-title":"Effects of pyridoxine and riboflavin supplementation on physical fitness in young adolescents","volume":"60","author":"Suboticanec","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/58.1.85","article-title":"Prevalence of riboflavin deficiency among Guatemalan elderly people and its relationship to milk intake","volume":"58","author":"Boisvert","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.126623","article-title":"Mitochondria to motion: Optimizing oxidative phosphorylation to improve exercise performance","volume":"219","author":"Conley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26717D","article-title":"Muscle mitochondrial changes with aging and exercise","volume":"89","author":"Lanza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1972.33.3.312","article-title":"Enzyme activity and fiber composition in skeletal muscle of untrained and trained men","volume":"33","author":"Gollnick","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106730","article-title":"Adaptation of muscle to exercise","volume":"50","author":"Oscai","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2007","article-title":"Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production","volume":"88","author":"Powers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsn.3.2.165","article-title":"Lack of association between indices of vitamin B1, B2, and B6, status and exercise-induced blood lactate in young adults","volume":"3","author":"Fogelholm","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000175682","article-title":"Vitamin B2 status in athletes and the influence of Riboflavin administration on neuromuscular irritability","volume":"20","author":"Haralambie","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.008409","article-title":"Correcting a marginal riboflavin deficiency improves hematologic status in young women in the United Kingdom (RIBOFEM)","volume":"93","author":"Powers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa225","article-title":"Riboflavin is an important determinant of vitamin B-6 status in healthy adults","volume":"150","author":"Jungert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz151","article-title":"suboptimal biochemical riboflavin status is associated with lower hemoglobin and higher rates of anemia in a sample of Canadian and Malaysian women of reproductive age","volume":"149","author":"Aljaadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2003926","article-title":"Assessment of thiamin (vitamin B1) and riboflavin (vitamin B2) status in an adult Mediterranean population","volume":"90","author":"Mataix","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1999.10718846","article-title":"Breakfast type, daily nutrient intakes and vitamin and mineral status of French children, adolescents and adults","volume":"18","author":"Preziosi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1990.10720345","article-title":"Nutrition and aging: Nutritional status of \u201capparently healthy\u201d elderly (Dutch nutrition surveillance system)","volume":"9","author":"Schrijver","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9192(91)90092-X","article-title":"The Dutch national food consumption survey: Design, methods and first results","volume":"16","author":"Hulshof","year":"1991","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Health Council of the Netherlands (2021, September 28). Voedingsnormen voor Vitamines en Mineralen voor Volwassenen. Available online: https:\/\/www.gezondheidsraad.nl\/documenten\/adviezen\/2018\/09\/18\/gezondheidsraad-herziet-voedingsnormen-voor-volwassenen."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"166","article-title":"Method for the detection of a biochemical riboflavin deficiency. Stimulation of NADPH2-dependent glutathione reductase from human erythrocytes by FAD in vitro. Investigations on the vitamin B2 status in healthly people and geriatric patients","volume":"40","author":"Glatzle","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Int. Vitaminol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/11\/4097\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:30:56Z","timestamp":1760167856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/11\/4097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13114097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13114097","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]}}}