{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T08:17:38Z","timestamp":1777105058279,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonatal vitamin K prophylaxis is essential to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) with a clear benefit compared to placebo. Various routes (intramuscular (IM), oral, intravenous (IV)) and dosing regimens were explored. A literature review was conducted to compare vitamin K regimens on VKDB incidence. Simultaneously, information on practices was collected from Belgian pediatric and neonatal departments. Based on the review and these practices, a consensus was developed and voted on by all co-authors and heads of pediatric departments. Today, practices vary. In line with literature, the advised prophylactic regimen is 1 or 2 mg IM vitamin K once at birth. In the case of parental refusal, healthcare providers should inform parents of the slightly inferior alternative (2 mg oral vitamin K at birth, followed by 1 or 2 mg oral weekly for 3 months when breastfed). We recommend 1 mg IM in preterm &lt;32 weeks, and the same alternative in the case of parental refusal. When IM is perceived impossible in preterm &lt;32 weeks, 0.5 mg IV once is recommended, with a single additional IM 1 mg dose when IV lipids are discontinued. This recommendation is a step towards harmonizing vitamin K prophylaxis in all newborns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T02:42:28Z","timestamp":1637116948000},"page":"4109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Belgian Consensus Recommendations to Prevent Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in the Term and Preterm Infant"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1350-772X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Fiesack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0710-6698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Smits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maissa","family":"Rayyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"Allegaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, 3011 Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Alliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Jessa Hospital, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Arts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, ZOL Genk, 3600 Genk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Bael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, ZNA Queen Paola Children\u2019s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine UA, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Cornette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, AZ Sint-Jan, 8000 Brugge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"De Guchtenaere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nele","family":"De Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), UZ Bussel, KidZ Health Castle, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatologie, AZ Groeninge, 8510 Kortrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9837-0039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Henrion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, CHR Sambre et Meuse, 5000 Namur, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Keiren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Kreins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, CHC MontL\u00e9gia, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Raes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Jessa Hospital, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Philippet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, CHC MontL\u00e9gia, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1180-0663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"Van Overmeire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kind en Gezin-Opgroeien, Vlaamse Overheid, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Van Winckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1335-6105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinciane","family":"Vlieghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Queen Fabiola Children\u2019s University Hospital, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1020 Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1862-8651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvan","family":"Vandenplas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, ZNA Queen Paola Children\u2019s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine UA, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), UZ Bussel, KidZ Health Castle, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Groups","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90227-9","article-title":"Vitamin K","volume":"345","author":"Shearer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.01.017","article-title":"Vitamin K deficiency bleeding: Early history and recent trends in the United Kingdom","volume":"86","author":"McNinch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Hum. 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