{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T16:29:11Z","timestamp":1782232151853,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"california state university agriculture research institute","award":["58873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58873"]}]},{"name":"california state university agriculture research institute","award":["58913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58913"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6026-51000-012-06S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6026-51000-012-06S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3092-51000-060-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3092-51000-060-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK-094616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK-094616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK-56338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK-56338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious metabolic condition affecting millions of people worldwide. A \u201cWestern-style diet\u201d has been shown to induce pediatric NAFLD with the potential disruption of skeletal muscle composition and metabolism. To determine the in vivo effect of a \u201cWestern-style diet\u201d on pediatric skeletal muscle fiber type and fuel utilization, 28 juvenile Iberian pigs were fed either a control diet (CON) or a high-fructose, high-fat diet (HFF), with or without probiotic supplementation, for 10 weeks. The HFF diets increased the total triacylglycerol content of muscle tissue but decreased intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content and the number of type I (slow oxidative) muscle fibers. HFF diets induced autophagy as assessed by LC3I and LC3II, and inflammation, as assessed by IL-1\u03b1. No differences in body composition were observed, and there was no change in insulin sensitivity, but HFF diets increased several plasma acylcarnitines and decreased expression of lipid oxidation regulators PGC1\u03b1 and CPT1, suggesting disruption of skeletal muscle metabolism. Our results show that an HFF diet fed to juvenile Iberian pigs produces a less oxidative skeletal muscle phenotype, similar to a detraining effect, and reduces the capacity to use lipid as fuel, even in the absence of insulin resistance and obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:22:56Z","timestamp":1638314576000},"page":"4195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["High-Fructose, High-Fat Diet Alters Muscle Composition and Fuel Utilization in a Juvenile Iberian Pig Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Heather C.","family":"Spooner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5792-8385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefani A.","family":"Derrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Maj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5691-1549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Manjar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2269-1688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael R.","family":"La Frano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"},{"name":"Cal Poly Metabolomics Service Center, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"},{"name":"Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3487-4120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelos K.","family":"Sikalidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, 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