{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:36:12Z","timestamp":1792514172356,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D has a promising role in multiple sclerosis (MS) management, and it has been found to be beneficial for patients\u2019 mental health, which is reduced in MS patients. The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to assess the influence of vitamin D supplementation on mental health in MS patients. The systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42020155779) and it was conducted on the basis of the PRISMA guidelines. The search procedure was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science databases and it included studies published up until September 2021. Six studies were included in the systematic review. The risk of bias was analyzed using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS). Within the included studies, there were two studies randomized against placebo and four other prospective studies. The studies presented vitamin D interventions randomized against placebo or not randomized, while supplementation was applied for various durations\u2014from 4 weeks to 12 months, or the studies compared patients who applied vitamin D supplementation and those who did not apply it and verified the effect of the supplementation after a number of years. The mental health outcomes that were assessed included quality of life, depression\/depressive symptoms, and fatigue as an additional element. The majority of studies supported the positive influence of vitamin D on the mental health of MS patients, including the study characterized as having the highest quality (randomized against placebo with the highest NOS score). All the studies that assessed the quality of life indicated the positive influence of vitamin D while the studies that did not find a positive influence of vitamin D were conducted for depression\/depressive symptoms. In spite of the fact that only a small number of studies have been conducted so far, and only two studies were randomized against a placebo, some conclusions may be formulated. The systematic review allowed us to conclude that there may be a positive effect of vitamin D supplementation in MS patients, which was stated in all of the studies analyzing quality of life, as well as in one study analyzing depressive symptoms. Considering that vitamin D deficiency is common in MS patients, and the potential positive influence of supplementation on the quality of life, supplementation should be applied at least in doses that cover the recommended intake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:22:56Z","timestamp":1638314576000},"page":"4207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Vitamin D Supplementation and Mental Health in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8588-7357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"G\u0142\u0105bska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Ko\u0142ota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7318-2587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Lachowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5818-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Skolmowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Stacho\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Guzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Market and Consumer Research, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"246","article-title":"Is Multiple Sclerosis an Autoimmune Disease?","volume":"2012","author":"Wootla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Tafti, D., Ehsan, M., and Xixis, K.L. (2021, October 30). Multiple Sclerosis, StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK499849\/."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnoses and Cell-Based Therapy","volume":"19","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition","volume":"26","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.1.1.57","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: It\u2019s Not The Disease You Thought It Was","volume":"1","author":"Rolak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, Y., Tang, H.R., Ma, M., Chen, N., Xie, X., and He, L. (2019). Multiple sclerosis and stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1366-7"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829a3388","article-title":"Mortality in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"81","author":"Scalfari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"7835952","article-title":"Decision-Making in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Systematic Review","volume":"2018","author":"Neuhaus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0489-5","article-title":"Depression in Multiple Sclerosis: Epidemiology, Aetiology, Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"32","author":"Solaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2017.04.008","article-title":"People with multiple sclerosis report significantly worse symptoms and health related quality of life than the US general population as measured by PROMIS and NeuroQoL outcome measures","volume":"11","author":"Amtmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil. Health J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e041249","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041249","article-title":"\u00c1ngeles Quality of life in adults with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Conrad","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000068746","article-title":"Elevated Suicide Risk among Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in Sweden","volume":"22","author":"Fredrikson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.056747","article-title":"Suicide among Danes with multiple sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Stenager","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.02019.x","article-title":"Mortality in multiple sclerosis: A review","volume":"15","author":"Ragonese","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-018-0236-z","article-title":"The Role of Diet in Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanistic Connections and Current Evidence","volume":"7","author":"Sand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.23.2832","article-title":"Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"296","author":"Munger","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.5993","article-title":"Vitamin D as an Early Predictor of Multiple Sclerosis Activity and Progression","volume":"71","author":"Ascherio","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piec, P.-A., Pons, V., and Rivest, S. (2021). Triggering Innate Immune Receptors as New Therapies in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Multiple Sclerosis. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10082164"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Watson, R.R., and Killgore, W.D. (2017). Chapter 9\u2014Role of Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis and Therapy. Nutrition and Life-Style in Neurological Autoimmune Diseases, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116668","article-title":"Associations of serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels with clinical and radiological outcomes in multiple sclerosis, a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"411","author":"Mahatanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.105564","article-title":"The effects of vitamin D supplementation on expanded disability status scale in people with multiple sclerosis: A critical, systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"187","author":"Tamtaji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.05.008","article-title":"The efficacy of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-017-0086-4","article-title":"Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"7","author":"Sintzel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feige, J., Moser, T., Bieler, L., Schwenker, K., Hauer, L., and Sellner, J. (2020). Vitamin D Supplementation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Critical Analysis of Potentials and Threats. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030783"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"74","article-title":"Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in major depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"65","author":"Menon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000044","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation for Depressive Symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"76","author":"Shaffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6041501","article-title":"Vitamin D and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Studies with and without Biological Flaws","volume":"6","author":"Spedding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23025","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplement on negative emotions: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0142\u0105bska, D., Ko\u0142ota, A., Lachowicz, K., Skolmowska, D., Stacho\u0144, M., and Guzek, D. (2021). The Influence of Vitamin D Intake and Status on Mental Health in Children: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030952"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzek, D., Ko\u0142ota, A., Lachowicz, K., Skolmowska, D., Stacho\u0144, M., and G\u0142\u0105bska, D. (2021). Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation on Mental Health in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113678"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0142\u0105bska, D., Ko\u0142ota, A., Lachowicz, K., Skolmowska, D., Stacho\u0144, M., and Guzek, D. (2021). Vitamin D Supplementation and Mental Health in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103662"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., and PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and me-ta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Wells, G.A., Shea, B., O\u2019Connel, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., and Losos, M. (2021, July 10). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses. Available online: http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19889-8","article-title":"Tissue Factor-bearing MPs and the risk of venous thrombosis in cancer patients: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2016.1227913","article-title":"High dose Vitamin D intake and quality of life in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Ashtari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.04.017","article-title":"Vitamin D 3 supplementation in multiple sclerosis: Symptoms and biomarkers of depression","volume":"378","author":"Rolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.01.029","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D replacement on depression in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"29","author":"Kotb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-019-00191-0","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and its association with fatigue and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"11","author":"Beckmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00526","article-title":"Longitudinal Associations of Modifiable Lifestyle Factors With Positive Depression-Screen Over 2.5-Years in an International Cohort of People Living With Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102760","article-title":"Self-reported use of vitamin D supplements is associated with higher physical quality of life scores in multiple sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Jelinek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021, October 30). WHOQOL: Measuring Quality of Life. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/whoqol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100013755","article-title":"Perceptions of health status in multiple sclerosis patients and their doctors","volume":"40","author":"Kremenchutzky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci. J. Can. Sci. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00729","article-title":"Quality of Life Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis: Different Perception between Patients and Neurologists","volume":"8","author":"Ysrraelit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.11.018","article-title":"The coexistence of well- and ill-being in persons with multiple sclerosis, their caregivers and health professionals","volume":"337","author":"Bassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285614560733","article-title":"Towards the implementation of \u2018no evidence of disease activity\u2019 in multiple sclerosis treatment: The multiple sclerosis decision model","volume":"8","author":"Stangel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.165942","article-title":"Psychological well-being in people with multiple sclerosis in an Iranian population","volume":"20","author":"Dehnavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbscr.2020.100050","article-title":"Surveying sleep quality and fatigue in multiple sclerosis patients at a multiple sclerosis center in Kermanshah, Iran, in 2017","volume":"8","author":"Karimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Sleep Circadian Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1017\/S031716710001324X","article-title":"Health Status, Stress and Life Satisfaction in a Community Population with MS","volume":"39","author":"Patten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci. J. Can. Sci. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2018.1437277","article-title":"Management of multiple sclerosis: The role of coping self-efficacy and self-esteem","volume":"23","author":"Mikula","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.2.230","article-title":"Relationships among depressive symptoms, benefit-finding, optimism, and positive affect in multiple sclerosis patients after psychotherapy for depression","volume":"27","author":"Hart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"2055102915612271","article-title":"Stress and multiple sclerosis: A systematic review considering potential moderating and mediating factors and methods of assessing stress","volume":"2","author":"Bufill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Open"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2220-3","article-title":"Progressive multiple sclerosis and mood disorders","volume":"36","author":"Lorefice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1037\/rep0000019","article-title":"Predictors of anxiety in multiple sclerosis","volume":"60","author":"Hartoonian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rehabil. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09426-6","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis","volume":"268","author":"Sparaco","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-0992-1","article-title":"Depression and Suicidality in Multiple Sclerosis: Red Flags, Management Strategies, and Ethical Considerations","volume":"19","author":"Kalb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?","volume":"144 Pt A","author":"Palacios","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: An update on the current status worldwide","volume":"74","author":"Amrein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"28","article-title":"Dietary intake of nutrients and its correlation with fatigue in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"13","author":"Bitarafan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.09.016","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in multiple sclerosis patients from the north of Portugal","volume":"180","author":"Bettencourt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"195","article-title":"A Comparative Study of 25 (OH) Vitamin D Se-rum Levels in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Control Group in Isfahan, Iran","volume":"1","author":"Shaygannejad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1037","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation: What\u2019s Known, What to Do, and What\u2019s Needed","volume":"32","author":"Haines","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacother. J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2015.10","article-title":"Recommended intakes of vitamin D to optimise health, associated circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and dosing regimens to treat deficiency: Workshop report and overview of current literature","volume":"4","author":"Balvers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/12\/4207\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:34:59Z","timestamp":1760168099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/12\/4207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13124207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13124207","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]}}}