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Mitochondria in the brain provide energy for neurocognitive function and may play a role in body weight regulation. We sought to determine whether a WD alters behavior and metabolic outcomes in male and female rodents through impacting hippocampal and hypothalamic mitochondrial bioenergetics. Results revealed a sexually dimorphic macronutrient preference, where males on the WD consumed a greater percentage of calories from fat\/protein and females consumed a greater percentage of calories from a sugar-sweetened beverage. Both males and females on a WD gained body fat and showed impaired glucose tolerance when compared to same-sex controls. Males on a WD demonstrated impaired hippocampal functioning and an elevated tendency toward a high membrane potential in hippocampal mitochondria. Comprehensive bioenergetics analysis of WD effects in the hypothalamus revealed a tissue-specific adaption, where males on the WD oxidized more fat, and females oxidized more fat and carbohydrates at peak energy demand compared to same-sex controls. These results suggest that adult male rats show a susceptibility toward hippocampal dysfunction on a WD, and that hypothalamic mitochondrial bioenergetics are altered by WD in a sex-specific manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:22:56Z","timestamp":1638314576000},"page":"4222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Sexually Dimorphic Effects of a Western Diet on Brain Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Neurocognitive Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6058-2474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magen N.","family":"Lord","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Won","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albino G.","family":"Schifino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen N.","family":"Donohue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1094-4940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarrod A.","family":"Call","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7483-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily E.","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70381-X","article-title":"Dietary quality among men and women in 187 countries in 1990 and 2010: A systematic assessment","volume":"3","author":"Imamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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