{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T15:49:19Z","timestamp":1771948159855,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]],"date-time":"2021-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D (VD) insufficiency is common among patients with diabetes in French Guiana. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of VD deficiency in the different type of diabetes encountered and to analyze the relationship between VD deficiency and diabetes complications. Methods: An observational study was conducted between May 2019 and May 2020 in French Guiana, based on data from the CODIAM study (Diabetes Cohort in French Amazonia), describing the characteristics of patients with diabetes mellitus. Among 600 patients enrolled with diabetes, 361 had an available VD assay. Results: The mean 25(OH)VD (hydroxycalciferol) level was 27.9 ng\/mL. The level of VD was inversely proportional to the HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) level. Patients with angina pectoris had a greater proportion of deficiencies VD &lt; 20 ng\/mL than those without angina. By contrast, patients with retinopathy had higher vitamin D concentrations than those without retinopathy. There was no association between vitamin D and arteriopathy, stroke, nephropathy and polyneuropathy. VD deficiency was more frequent in women, and in patients with a high school education. Conclusion: The prevalence of VD deficiency was high in patients with diabetes in French Guiana, emphasizing the importance of VD supplementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:22:56Z","timestamp":1638314576000},"page":"4302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Diabetes in French Guiana: Epidemiology and Relation with Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Elise","family":"Girard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cayenne Hospital Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Nacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center Antilles French Guiana (CIC INSERM 1424), Cayenne Hospital Center, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Bukasa-Kakamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cayenne Hospital Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aniza","family":"Fahrasmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center Antilles French Guiana (CIC INSERM 1424), Cayenne Hospital Center, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4000-4981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Adenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center Antilles French Guiana (CIC INSERM 1424), Cayenne Hospital Center, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mickael","family":"Massicard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cayenne Hospital Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5975-2627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinan","family":"Drak Alsibai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Center of Biological Resources (CRB Amazonie), Cayenne Hospital Center, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"De Toffol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Cayenne Hospital Center, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raissa","family":"Bekima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cayenne Hospital Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliane","family":"Thelusme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cayenne Hospital Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Okambabelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cayenne Hospital Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magalie","family":"Demar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology (LHUPM), Cayenne Hospital Center, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana"},{"name":"EA3593, Amazon Ecosystems and Tropical Diseases, University of Guiana, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean M.","family":"Aurelus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cayenne Hospital Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Sabbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cayenne Hospital Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana"},{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center Antilles French Guiana (CIC INSERM 1424), Cayenne Hospital Center, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Endocrine Society Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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