{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:11:34Z","timestamp":1792789894374,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BEEF CHECKOFF PROGRAM","award":["90413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90413"]}]},{"name":"AgriLife Research Project","award":["87830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["87830"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Individual responses to diet vary but causes other than genetics are poorly understood. This study sought to determine whether baseline values of homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) was related to changes in small, dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL, i.e., LDL4, d = 1.044\u20131.063 g\/mL) amounts quantified by isopycnic density profiling, in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects (n = 27) consuming one of three low saturated fatty acid (SFA) diets: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Beef in an Optimal Lean Diet (BOLD) and BOLD plus extra protein (BOLD+) when compared to a higher-SFA healthy American diet (HAD). The diets were consumed in random order for 5 wk, with 1 wk between diets. BOLD+ reduced fractional abundance (%) LDL4 (p &lt; 0.05) relative to HAD, DASH and BOLD, and reductions in % LDL4 correlated with reductions in triglycerides (p = 0.044), total cholesterol (p = 0.014), LDL cholesterol (p = 0.004) and apolipoprotein B (p &lt; 0.001). Responses to the four diets were similar (~12% decrease in % LDL4, p = 0.890) in the lower (&lt;2.73 median) HOMA-IR subgroup but differed across diet conditions in the higher HOMA-IR subgroup (p = 0.013), in which % LDL4 was reduced with BOLD+ (\u221211%), was unchanged in BOLD and increased with the HAD (8%) and DASH (6%) diets (p &lt; 0.05 for BOLD+ vs. HAD). Individual responses to diet interventions are influenced by presence and degree of insulin resistance as measured by HOMA-IR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:22:56Z","timestamp":1638314576000},"page":"4328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Baseline Insulin Resistance Is a Determinant of the Small, Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Response to Diets Differing in Saturated Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrate Contents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1150-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuzhi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Roussell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6732-4224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison M.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA"},{"name":"UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny M.","family":"Kris-Etherton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9913-7810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosemary L.","family":"Walzem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)42342-9","article-title":"Differences in carbohydrate content of low density lipoproteins associated with low density lipoprotein subclass patterns","volume":"31","author":"Krauss","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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