{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T22:21:01Z","timestamp":1782944461547,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-15-00243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-15-00243"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study we aimed to assess vitamin D metabolism in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease (CD) compared to healthy individuals in the setting of bolus cholecalciferol treatment. The study group included 30 adults with active CD and the control group included 30 apparently healthy adults with similar age, sex and BMI. All participants received a single dose (150,000 IU) of cholecalciferol aqueous solution orally. Laboratory assessments including serum vitamin D metabolites (25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D2, 1,25(OH)2D3, 3-epi-25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3), free 25(OH)D, vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) as well as serum and urine biochemical parameters were performed before the intake and on Days 1, 3 and 7 after the administration. All data were analyzed with non-parametric statistics. Patients with CD had similar to healthy controls 25(OH)D3 levels (p &gt; 0.05) and higher 25(OH)D3\/24,25(OH)2D3 ratios (p &lt; 0.05) throughout the study. They also had lower baseline free 25(OH)D levels (p &lt; 0.05) despite similar DBP levels (p &gt; 0.05) and lower albumin levels (p &lt; 0.05); 24-h urinary free cortisol showed significant correlation with baseline 25(OH)D3\/24,25(OH)2D3 ratio (r = 0.36, p &lt; 0.05). The increase in 25(OH)D3 after cholecalciferol intake was similar in obese and non-obese states and lacked correlation with BMI (p &gt; 0.05) among patients with CD, as opposed to the control group. Overall, patients with CD have a consistently higher 25(OH)D3\/24,25(OH)2D3 ratio, which is indicative of a decrease in 24-hydroxylase activity. This altered activity of the principal vitamin D catabolism might influence the effectiveness of cholecalciferol treatment. The observed difference in baseline free 25(OH)D levels is not entirely clear and requires further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:22:56Z","timestamp":1638314576000},"page":"4329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Assessment of Vitamin D Metabolism in Patients with Cushing\u2019s Disease in Response to 150,000 IU Cholecalciferol Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7634-5457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Povaliaeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6377-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktor","family":"Bogdanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Pigarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artem","family":"Zhukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa","family":"Dzeranova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanna","family":"Belaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liudmila","family":"Rozhinskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Mel\u2019nichenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Mokrysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishioka, H., and Yamada, S. (2019). Cushing\u2019s disease. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111951"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00005","article-title":"Pituitary Diseases and Bone","volume":"39","author":"Mazziotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1588-2","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: An update","volume":"61","author":"Compston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23279","article-title":"2017 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis","volume":"69","author":"Buckley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.14341\/osteo12710","article-title":"Summary of the Draft Federal Clinical Guidelines for Osteoporosis","volume":"23","author":"Belaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Bone Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108762","article-title":"Intestinal calcium absorption in exogenous hypercortisolism","volume":"60","author":"Klein","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109902","article-title":"Production, degradation, and circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in health and in chronic glucocorticoid excess","volume":"66","author":"Seeman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02411246","article-title":"Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on osteopenia induced by prednisolone in adult rats","volume":"34","author":"Lindgren","year":"1982","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e318289bd16","article-title":"Current daily glucocorticoid use and serum creatinine levels are associated with lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels in thai patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"19","author":"Chaiamnuay","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.33.345","article-title":"Impaired mineral metabolism in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: Parathyroid function, vitamin D metabolites and osteopenia","volume":"33","author":"Kugai","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-52-1-111","article-title":"Effects of short term glucocorticoid administration on intestinal calcium absorption and circulating vitamin D metabolite concentrations in man","volume":"52","author":"Hahn","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-54-5-1039","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolites and parathyroid hormone in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: Relationship to calcium and phosphorus homeostasis","volume":"54","author":"Findling","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1980.tb02706.x","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in glucocorticoid-treated patients","volume":"12","author":"Slovik","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2011.09.002","article-title":"Vitamin D status before and after hypophysectomy in dogs with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism","volume":"42","author":"Corbee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-39-6-981","article-title":"Skeletal metabolism and body composition in Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Aloia","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2006.11.027","article-title":"Duodenal calcium absorption in dexamethasone-treated mice: Functional and molecular aspects","volume":"460","author":"Stockmans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1640339","article-title":"Regulation of vitamin D-1-hydroxylase and -24-hydroxylase expression by dexamethasone in mouse kidney","volume":"164","author":"Akeno","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:17:2:109","article-title":"Dexamethasone enhances vitamin D-24-hydroxylase expression in osteoblastic (UMR-106) and renal (LLC-PK 1) cells treated with 1a, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"17","author":"Kurahashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22645","article-title":"Novel regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (24(OH)ase) transcription by glucocorticoids: Cooperative effects of the glucocorticoid receptor, C\/EBPb, and the vitamin D receptor in 24(OH)ase transcription","volume":"110","author":"Dhawan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.30.7.795","article-title":"CYP3A4 induction by drugs: Correlation between a pregnane X receptor reporter gene assay and CYP3A4 expression in human hepatocytes","volume":"30","author":"Luo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27793","article-title":"Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP24 expression and drug-induced osteomalacia","volume":"116","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3440-6","article-title":"Dysregulation of vitamin D metabolism in the brain and myocardium of rats following prolonged exposure to dexamethasone","volume":"231","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110525","article-title":"Effects of glucocorticoids on vitamin D3-metabolizing 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) in Saos-2 cells and primary human osteoblasts","volume":"496","author":"Zayny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2757","article-title":"Do glucocorticosteroids alter vitamin D status? A systematic review with meta-analyses of observational studies","volume":"97","author":"Davidson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00317.2006","article-title":"Prednisolone-induced Ca2+ malabsorption is caused by diminished expression of the epithelial Ca2+ channel TRPV6","volume":"292","author":"Huybers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000028640.78526.0F","article-title":"Modulation of renal calcium handling by 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2","volume":"13","author":"Ferrari","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021494","article-title":"Nephrolithiasis in Cushing\u2019s disease: Prevalence, etiopathogenesis, and modification after disease cure","volume":"88","author":"Faggiano","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00282.x","article-title":"Hyperparathyroidism in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"46","author":"Ramsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4932","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.16.4932","article-title":"Glucocorticoids increase the Na+-H+ exchange and decrease the Na+ gradient-dependent phosphate-uptake systems in renal brush border membrane vesicles","volume":"79","author":"Freiberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13652","article-title":"Vitamin D assays and the definition of hypovitaminosis D: Results from the First International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D","volume":"84","author":"Sempos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.14341\/probl201561255-77","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s disease: The clinical features, diagnostics, differential diagnostics, and methods of treatment","volume":"61","author":"Melnichenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Probl. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02700.x","article-title":"The role of desmopressin in bilateral and simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus sampling for differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Machado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6005","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1378","article-title":"Identification of patients with Cushing\u2019s disease with negative pituitary adrenocorticotropin gradients during inferior petrosal sinus sampling: Prolactin as an index of pituitary venous effluent","volume":"89","author":"Findling","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.14341\/probl201662460-84","article-title":"Russian Association of Endocrinologists recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency in adults","volume":"62","author":"Pigarova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Probl. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"512","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of high-dose oral vitamin D supplementation: A pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Petrushkina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.10.010","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Pivonello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9658-3","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of late-night salivary cortisol measured by automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassay in obese and overweight patients referred to exclude Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Belaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Povaliaeva, A., Pigarova, E., Zhukov, A., Bogdanov, V., Dzeranova, L., Mel\u2019nikova, O., Pekareva, E., Malysheva, N., Ioutsi, V., and Nikankina, L. (2020). Evaluation of vitamin D metabolism in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in the setting of cholecalciferol treatment. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123873"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518909089086","article-title":"Comparison of serum total calcium, albumin-corrected total calcium, and ionized calcium in 1213 patients with suspected calcium disorders","volume":"49","author":"Thode","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-5-969","article-title":"Serum protein binding of 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D: A reevaluation by direct measurement of free metabolite levels","volume":"61","author":"Bikle","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-63-4-954","article-title":"Assessment of the Free Fraction of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Serum and Its Regulation by Albumin and the Vitamin D-Binding Protein","volume":"63","author":"Bikle","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.12.003","article-title":"Determination of human reference values for serum total 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D using an extensively validated 2D ID-UPLC\u2013MS\/MS method","volume":"164","author":"Dirks","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.04.005","article-title":"Reference intervals for serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and the ratio with 25-hydroxyvitamin D established using a newly developed LC\u2013MS\/MS method","volume":"46","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, L., and Bi\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1, M. (2021). Vitamin D: Current challenges between the laboratory and clinical practice. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061758"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Ginsberg, C., Hoofnagle, A.N., Katz, R., Hughes-Austin, J., Miller, L.M., Becker, J.O., Kritchevsky, S.B., Shlipak, M.G., Sarnak, M.J., and Ix, J.H. (2021). The Vitamin D Metabolite Ratio Is Associated With Changes in Bone Density and Fracture Risk in Older Adults. J. Bone Miner. Res., 1\u20138."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2019-0996","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of 25(OH)-vitamin D and 24,25(OH)2-vitamin D to define cut-offs for CYP24A1 mutation and vitamin D deficiency in a population of 1200 young subjects","volume":"58","author":"Cavalier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2010.12.003","article-title":"The glycation of albumin: Structural and functional impacts","volume":"93","author":"Rondeau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4778","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.815274","article-title":"Glycation of human serum albumin impairs binding to the glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide","volume":"293","author":"Soudahome","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)85080-9","article-title":"Interactions among serum vitamin D binding protein, monomeric actin, profilin, and profilactin","volume":"264","author":"McLeod","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.117215","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced myopathy: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2010.07.004","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome, glucocorticoids and the kidney","volume":"169","author":"Smets","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00219689","article-title":"Affinity differences for vitamin D metabolites associated with the genetic isoforms of the human serum carrier protein (DBP)","volume":"92","author":"Arnaud","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/12\/4329\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:37:41Z","timestamp":1760168261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/12\/4329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13124329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13124329","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]}}}