{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:05:52Z","timestamp":1787508352586,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institute of Health","award":["KL2TR001452, UL1TR001450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR001452, UL1TR001450"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frozen storage is necessary to preserve expressed human milk for critically ill and very preterm infants. Milk pasteurization is essential for donor milk given to this special population. Due to these storage and processing conditions, subtle changes occur in milk nutrients. These changes may have clinical implications. Potentially, bioactive complexes of unknown significance could be found in human milk given to preterm infants. One such complex, a cytotoxic \u03b1-lactalbumin-oleic acid complex named \u201cHAMLET,\u201d (Human Alpha-Lactalbumin Made Lethal to Tumor cells) is a folding variant of alpha-lactalbumin that is bound to oleic acid. This complex, isolated from human milk casein, has specific toxicity to both carcinogenic cell lines and immature non-transformed cells. Both HAMLET and free oleic acid trigger similar apoptotic mechanisms in tissue and stimulate inflammation via the NF-\u03baB and MAPK p38 signaling pathways. This protein-lipid complex could potentially trigger various inflammatory pathways with unknown consequences, especially in immature intestinal tissues. The very preterm population is dependent on human milk as a medicinal and broadly bioactive nutriment. Therefore, HAMLET\u2019s possible presence and bioactive role in milk should be addressed in neonatal research. Through a pediatric lens, HAMLET\u2019s discovery, formation and bioactive benefits will be reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:22:56Z","timestamp":1638314576000},"page":"4336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cytotoxic Lactalbumin-Oleic Acid Complexes in the Human Milk Diet of Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4669-6723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Chetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Shawn Jenkins Children\u2019s Hospital, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, MSC 915, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Alcorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Research Center, The University of Texas Health & Science Center at Houston, 6631 Fannin Street MSB 3.252, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5870-1000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John E.","family":"Baatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Shawn Jenkins Children\u2019s Hospital, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, MSC 915, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2764-6533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol L.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Shawn Jenkins Children\u2019s Hospital, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, MSC 915, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Updegrove, K.F.J., Hackney, R., Jones, F., Kelley, S., Sakamoto, P., and Vickers, A. 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