{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T02:53:47Z","timestamp":1781924027893,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ignoring evidence on causes of disease such as smoking can harm public health. This report explores how public health experts started to ignore evidence that pediatric vitamin D deficiencies are associated with dental caries. Historical analyses show that an organization of clinical specialists, the American Dental Association (ADA), initiated this view. The ADA was a world-leading organization and its governing bodies worked through political channels to make fluoride a global standard of care for a disease which at the time was viewed as an indicator of vitamin D deficiencies. The ADA scientific council was enlisted in this endeavor and authorized the statement saying that \u201cclaims for vitamin D as a factor in tooth decay are not acceptable\u201d. This statement was ghost-written, the opposite of what the ADA scientific council had endorsed for 15 years, and the opposite of what the National Academy of Sciences concluded. Internal ADA documents are informative on the origin of this scientific conundrum; the ADA scientific council had ignored their scientific rules and was assisting ADA governing bodies in conflicts with the medical profession on advertising policies. The evidence presented here suggests that professional organizations of clinical specialists have the power to create standards of care which ignore key evidence and consequently can harm public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T03:10:38Z","timestamp":1638760238000},"page":"4361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["How a Nutritional Deficiency Became Treated with Fluoride"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Philippe P.","family":"Hujoel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"},{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/ger.12331","article-title":"Personal oral hygiene and dental caries: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"35","author":"Hujoel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00544.x","article-title":"Vitamin D and dental caries in controlled clinical trials: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Hujoel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"National Research Council (U.S.), Committee on Dental Health, Toverud, G., and National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) (1952). A Survey of the Literature of Dental Caries, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organ (1984). Prevention methods and programmes for oral diseases. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Tech. Rep. Ser., 713, 1\u201346."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"National Research Council (U.S.), and Committee on Diet and Health (1989). Diet and Health: IMPLICATIONS for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk, National Academy Press."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, August 28). Oral Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/oral-health."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4673","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4673","article-title":"Association between vitamin D supplementation and mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"366","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration\/EPIC-CVD\/Vitamin D Studies Collaboration (2021). Estimating dose-response relationships for vitamin D with coronary heart disease, stroke, and all-cause mortality: Observational and Mendelian randomisation analyses. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Council on Dental Therapeutics, and American Dental Association (1930, January 3\u20134). Minutes of Proceedings. Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s12376-012-0075-y","article-title":"Zeal of acceptance: Balancing image and business in early twentieth-century American dentistry","volume":"3","author":"Grumsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Stud."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"732","article-title":"Official rules of the council on dental therapeutics","volume":"17","author":"Gordon","year":"1930","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(1944). What is behind the seal of acceptance?. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 31, A-32."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"2027","article-title":"The annual report of the Council on Dental Therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Gordon","year":"1932","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Council on Dental Therapeutics (1930). Cod liver oil. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 17, 1941\u20131943.","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1930.0292"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1752","article-title":"Accepted by the Council on Dental Therapeutics","volume":"17","author":"Gordon","year":"1930","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bing, F.C. (1932). Diet and teeth. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 1843\u20131850.","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1932.0201"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Some factors of diet influencing the spread of caries in children","volume":"47","author":"Mellanby","year":"1926","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3545.1079","article-title":"The action of vitamin D in preventing the spread and promoting the arrest of caries in children","volume":"2","author":"Mellanby","year":"1928","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"281","article-title":"Report on a practical test of the effects of \u201cOstelin\u201d and parathyroid on the teeth of children","volume":"51","author":"McKeag","year":"1930","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Medical Research Council\u2014Committee on Dental Disease (1936). The Influence of Diet on Caries in Children\u2019s Teeth (Final Report), H.M. Stationery Off."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"American Dental Association. Council on Dental Therapeutics. Bulletin of the Council on Dental Therapeutics, 1944; pp. 146\u2013151, 197\u2013198, 244\u2013245, 284, 290, 346, 353, 451, 455\u2013456, 464, 467\u2013468, 519, 522."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Roosevelt, F.D. (1941). The seven hundred and seventy-fourth press conference (excerpts)\u2014October 10, 1941. Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, University of Michigan Library."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Hershey, L. (1941). Upon the health of its people rests the strength of a Nation. Selective Service November 1, 1941, U.S. Congress."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"7","article-title":"The measure of patriotism","volume":"VIII","author":"Lufkin","year":"1941","journal-title":"J. Publ. South. Calif. State Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1940.0124","article-title":"Dental needs of grade school children of Hagerstown, MD","volume":"27","author":"Knutson","year":"1940","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"263","article-title":"Dental needs versus dental manpower","volume":"31","author":"Klein","year":"1944","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Dental Research and Dental Care (Hearing Id: HRG-1945-EDS-0005). Education and Labor; Senate Subcommittee on Health. Committee on Education and Labor, 1945; p. 148."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/ger.12374","article-title":"Historical perspectives on advertising and the meme that personal oral hygiene prevents dental caries","volume":"36","author":"Hujoel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Council on Dental Therapeutics (1944). Report of the fifteenth annual meeting of the council on dental therapeutics. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 31, 690\u2013692.","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1944.0166"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1943.02010190008001","article-title":"Prevalence of rickets in children between two and fourteen years of age","volume":"66","author":"Follis","year":"1943","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1938.72790340005011","article-title":"The human requirement of vitamin D","volume":"111","author":"Jeans","year":"1938","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"413","article-title":"Vitamin D milk containing 600 U.S.P. units of vitamin D to the quart is not eligible for list of accepted foods","volume":"116","author":"Bing","year":"1941","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"American Dental Association (1944). Council on Dental Therapeutics. Bull. Counc. Dent. Ther., 512\u2013522."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(1943). Calcium Shortage Predicted. Tooth Health requires vitamin D. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 30, A42."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(1943). When sunshine decreases, dental caries increase Vitamin D milk will help protect your patient\u2019s teeth in the \u201cSun-Poor\u201d months. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 30, A38."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Council on Dental Therapeutics (1941). Accepted Dental Remedies: Drugs Used in Dental Practice, including a List of Brands Accepted by the Council on Dental Therapeutics of the American Dental Association, American Dental Association."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry (American Medical Association). New and nonofficial remedies, 1936; p. 445."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"224","article-title":"The Current Status of Vitamin D","volume":"32","author":"Wallace","year":"1945","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Council on Dental Therapeutics (1946). Accepted dental remedies; drugs used in dental practice, including a list of brands accepted by the Council on Dental Therapeutics of the American Dental Association."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"American Dental Association. Council on dental therapeutics. Bulletin of the Council on Dental Therapeutics, 1945; p. 106."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry (AMA) (1946). New and Non-Official Remedies, American Medical Association."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1948.0016","article-title":"The workshop technic as a method of study in dentistry","volume":"36","author":"Gruebbel","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1948). The Michigan workshop on the evaluation of dental caries control technics. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 36, 3\u201322.","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1948.0004"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Council on Dental Therapeutics (1944). Accepted dental remedies; drugs used in dental practice, including a list of brands accepted by the Council on Dental Therapeutics of the American Dental Association."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(1943). Avitaminosis A, avitaminosis D, defective enamel and dentine, poor dental calcification. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 30, A-47."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1942.0202","article-title":"Further studies on the role of vitamin D in the nutritional control of dental caries in children","volume":"29","author":"McBeath","year":"1942","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1943.0137","article-title":"Prevention of dental caries in late childhood and adolescence","volume":"30","author":"Boyd","year":"1943","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1941.02000180057004","article-title":"Prevention of dental caries by massive doses of vitamin D","volume":"62","author":"Brodsky","year":"1941","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345340140040701","article-title":"Coordinated report of the Columbia University dental caries research group","volume":"14","author":"Hollander","year":"1934","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Council on Dental Therapeutics (American Dental Association). Bulletin of the Council on Dental Therapeutics, 1944; p. 147."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"McCluggage, R.W. (1959). A History of the American Dental Association: A Century of Health Service, American Dental Association."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(1944). Children\u2019s teeth need vitamin D after infancy, too. J. Am. Med Assoc., 124, 48."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"American Dental Association. Council on Dental Therapeutics. Bulletin of the Council on Dental Therapeutics, 1945; p. 290."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Editorial (1947). The Role of Fluorine in Dental Caries: II. Topical Application of Fluorides. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 346, 411\u2013412.","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1947.0102"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Council on Dental Therapeutics (1946). Report of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting. J. Am. Dent. Assoc, 33, 1045\u20131046."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Council on Dental Therapeutics (1945). Report of the sixteenth annual meeting. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 32, 901\u2013904."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Council on Dental Therapeutics (1947). Council on Dental Therapeutics Reports on Topical Application of Fluorides. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 34, 700.","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1947.0152"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"American Dental Association. Council on Dental Therapeutics. Minutes of the Eightteenth meeting of the Council on Dental Therapeutics 5\u20136 April 1946. 1947; pp. 20\u201321."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"American Dental Association. Council on Dental Therapeutics. Minutes of the Eightteenth meeting of the Council on Dental Therapeutics 5\u20136 April 1946. 1947; p. 4."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Grumsen, S.S. (2012). Casting for Good Will: Profession, Trade and Identity in American Dentistry, c. 1910\u20131950. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Arts, Aarhus University]."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(1940). A foreign subscriber sums up the journal. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 27, A-60."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1944.0176","article-title":"Contributions to higher professional standards\u2014The Council on Dental Therapeutics","volume":"31","author":"Wallace","year":"1944","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Council on Dental Therapeutics. Bulletin of the Council on Dental Therapeutics. 1944; pp. 371\u2013372."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1935). Annual Report of the Council on Dental Therapeutics, 1934\u20131935. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 22, 2135\u20132139.","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1935.0365"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Council on Dental Therapeutics (American Dental Association). Bulletin of the Council on Dental Therapeutics. 1944; p. 455."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"340","article-title":"Dentistry forges new weapons in war on dental caries","volume":"39","author":"Morrey","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Arnold, F. (The New York Times, 1967). U.S. dental head: Ex-officer of Public Health Service, The New York Times."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Dean, H.T. (The New York Times, 1962). Dental scientist: Early investigator of effect of flouridated water dies, The New York Times."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1949.0019","article-title":"Dental research and the National Institute of Health: I. Intramural research","volume":"38","author":"Dean","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Harris, R.R., and National Institute of Dental Research (U.S.) (1989). Dental Science in a New Age: A History of the National Institute of Dental Research, Montrose Press."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Dental Research and Dental Care (Hearing Id: HRG-1945-EDS-0005). Education and Labor; Senate Subcommittee on Health. Committee on Education and Labor. 1945; p. 12."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Note. The AMA Council on Foods and Nutrition had in June 1945 not yet publicly announced their endorsement of vitamin D dental caries prophylaxis. The Secretary of the ADA CDT was informed of the AMA\u2019s decision on this matter in 1944. The AMA endorsement of vitamin D dental caries prophylaxis was public information as it could be seen by their Seal in AMA advertising. 2021."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Note. The latter endorsement remains unverified with primary documents, but according to the ADA CDT transcripts, the National Academy of Sciences had made a printed statement on endorsing vitamin D dental caries prophylaxis which had been broadcasted by a pharmaceutical company. 2021."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Note. On February 1st, 1945, the ADA CDT authorized the announcement that vitamin D did not prevent dental caries. (45) Five months later, on June 23rd, 1945 the US Senate Hearings started for the ADA-sponsored bill to create the NIDR. 2021."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The mouth, treshold of health and disease. World Health\u2014The Magazine of the World Health Organization, November, 1966, pp. 1\u201347."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1967). The mouth threshold of health and disease: World Health Organization publication features dentistry. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 74, 702\u2013707.","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1967.0126"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(1946). Dental representation in the World Health Organization. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 33, 1300\u20131301."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"American Dental Association (1946). Resolution 4 passed by house of delegates. ADA Annual Meeting Transactions, American Dental Association."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Hillenbrand, H. (New York Times, 1986). 79, Dies; A World Figure in Dentistry, New York Times."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.34.3.239","article-title":"Post-war implications of fluorine and dental health\u2014The use of topically applied fluorine","volume":"34","author":"Knutson","year":"1944","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(1954). A program of dental health for the World Health Organization. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 49, 717\u2013719."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"(1956). Dr. Knutson is APHA president. Am. J. Public Health, 46, 1605\u20131606."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1958). Technical Report Series No. 146 Expert Committee on Water Fluoridation, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Wikipedia (2021, November 08). Yngve Ericcson. Available online: https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yngve_Ericsson."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1942.0303","article-title":"Is fluorine a therapeutic agent for dental caries?","volume":"29","author":"Hodge","year":"1942","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1958.0233","article-title":"World Health Organization observes its first decade of service","volume":"57","author":"Morrey","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1086\/649401","article-title":"The artificial nature of fluoridated water: Between nations, knowledge, and material flows","volume":"19","author":"Sellers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osiris"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1943.0384","article-title":"President\u2019s Annual Address\u2014Committee on Legislation\u2014Bureau of Public Relations\u2014Council on Dental Therapeutics\u2014Insurance Committee\u2014Membership Page\u2014International Relations Committee\u2014Chicago Dental Society Midwinter Meeting","volume":"30","author":"Robinson","year":"1943","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"768","article-title":"Report on mission to Western Europe to renew professional relations with dentists of war-ridden countries","volume":"33","author":"Ortion","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Francis, A.A. (2021, November 08). Oral History 1964 A, Available online: https:\/\/history.nih.gov\/display\/history\/Arnold%2C+Francis+A.%2C+Jr.+1964+A."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"American Dental Association. Council on Dental Therapeutics. Minutes of the Seventeenth meeting of the Council on Dental Therapeutics 5\u20136 April 1946; p. 71."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(1957). Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry. New and nonofficial remedies. JAMA, 541."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Beck, J. (The Atlantic, 2017). Why dentistry is separate from medicine: The divide sometimes has devastating consequences, The Atlantic."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"666","article-title":"Vitamin deficiencies: Stigmas, symptoms and therapy","volume":"131","author":"Wilson","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (U.S.) (2000). Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa115","article-title":"Bleeding tendency and ascorbic acid requirements: Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"79","author":"Hujoel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1965.36.3.177","article-title":"Experimental gingivitis in man","volume":"36","author":"Theilade","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6994.1563","article-title":"Vitamin C and risk of death from stroke and coronary heart disease in cohort of elderly people","volume":"310","author":"Gale","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.10.2287","article-title":"Serum vitamin C concentration was inversely associated with subsequent 20-year incidence of stroke in a Japanese rural community","volume":"31","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/10.6.512","article-title":"The effects of pyridoxine supplements on the dental caries experience of pregnant women","volume":"10","author":"Hillman","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"325","article-title":"The importance of pyridoxine in the suppression of dental caries in school children and hamsters","volume":"22","author":"Strean","year":"1956","journal-title":"N. Y. State Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2009.00555.x","article-title":"The perils of ignoring history: Big tobacco played dirty and millions died. How similar is big food?","volume":"87","author":"Brownell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emphasis (1980). A Look at the Issues, Ten Years Later: A Conversation with Dr. Harold Hillenbrand. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 101, 602\u2013608.","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1980.0389"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Heart Association (1961). Dietary fat and its relation to heart attacks and strokes. Report by the Central Committee for Medical and Community Program of the American Heart Association. JAMA, 175, 389\u2013391.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1961.63040050001011"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.17.5.490","article-title":"Nutrition principles for the management off diabetes and related complications","volume":"17","author":"Franz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Taubes, G. (2007). Good Calories, Bad Calories: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Diet, Weight Control, and Disease, Knopf. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f1050","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f1050","article-title":"The science of obesity: What do we really know about what makes us fat? An essay by Gary Taubes","volume":"346","author":"Taubes","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Taubes, G., and Kearns, C.E. (Mother Jones, 2012). Big sugar\u2019s sweet little lies. How the industry kept scientists from asking: Does sugar kill?, Mother Jones."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g7654","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7654","article-title":"Are some diets \u201cmass murder\u201d?","volume":"349","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Council on Dental Therapeutics (1944). Bulletin of the Council on Dental Therapeutics. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 358."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (U.S.), Committee on Standards for Developing Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines, and Graham, R. (2011). Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust, National Academies Press."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/12\/4361\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:39:34Z","timestamp":1760168374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/12\/4361"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13124361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13124361","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]}}}