{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T19:22:28Z","timestamp":1783970548701,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at increased risk of celiac disease (CD). The replacement of insulin in T1D, and the exclusion of gluten in CD, are lifelong, burdensome treatments. Compliance to a gluten-free diet (GFD) in children with CD is reported to be high, while compliance in children with both diseases has scarcely been studied. To examine compliance to a GFD in children with both T1D and CD, we analyzed tissue transglutaminase IgA-antibodies (tTGA). Moreover, associations between compliance and age, sex, glycemic control, ketoacidosis (DKA), body mass index (BMI), and time of CD diagnosis were investigated. Of the 743 children diagnosed with T1D in southern Sweden between 2005 and 2012, 9% were also diagnosed with CD. Of these, 68% showed good compliance to a GFD, 18% showed intermediate compliance, and 14% were classified as non-compliant. Higher age, poorer HbA1c, and more DKAs were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) associated with poorer compliance. In conclusion, we found that compliance to a GFD in children with T1D and CD is likely be lower than in children with CD only. Our results indicate that children with both T1D and CD could need intensified dietary support and that older children and children with poor metabolic control are especially vulnerable subgroups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T01:22:05Z","timestamp":1639444925000},"page":"4444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Compliance to a Gluten-Free Diet in Swedish Children with Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Rehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Cervin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathrine","family":"Ahlstermark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara Cerqueiro","family":"Bybrant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelie","family":"Carlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2508","article-title":"Prevalence of Celiac Disease in 52,721 Youth with Type 1 Diabetes: International Comparison Across Three Continents","volume":"40","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.06.037","article-title":"Global prevalence of celiac disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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