{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T18:34:01Z","timestamp":1790534041370,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) often suffer psychological and gastrointestinal problems consistent with a dysregulated gut microbial community. Psychobiotics have been postulated to modify microbiota and improve mental well-being and gut symptoms, but there is currently a lack of evidence for such approaches in AN. The aim of this study was to use an in vitro colonic model to evaluate the impact of dietary restrictions associated with AN on the intestinal ecosystem and to assess the impact of pre and probiotic intervention. Bacteriology was quantified using flow cytometry combined with fluorescence in situ hybridisation and metabolic end products (including neurotransmitters) by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry Consistent with previous research, the nutritional changes significantly reduced total microbiota and metabolites compared with healthy conditions. Pre and probiotic supplementation on restricted conditions enhanced the microbial community and modulated metabolic activity to resemble that of a healthy diet. The model system indicates that nutritional changes associated with AN can impact the microbial community, and that these changes can, at least in part, be restored through the use of pre and probiotic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T01:22:05Z","timestamp":1639444925000},"page":"4447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["An In Vitro Approach to Studying the Microbial Community and Impact of Pre and Probiotics under Anorexia Nervosa Related Dietary Restrictions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Litai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Poveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1673-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul E.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6ES, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma E.","family":"Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Association, A.P. (2013). Desk Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria from Dsm-5 (R), American Psychiatric Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0179739","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179739","article-title":"Microbiota in anorexia nervosa: The triangle between bacterial species, metabolites and psychological tests","volume":"12","author":"Borgo","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000247","article-title":"The Intestinal Microbiota in Acute Anorexia Nervosa and During Renourishment: Relationship to Depression, Anxiety, and Eating Disorder Psychopathology","volume":"77","author":"Kleiman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morita, C., Tsuji, H., Hata, T., Gondo, M., Takakura, S., Kawai, K., Yoshihara, K., Ogata, K., Nomoto, K., and Miyazaki, K. (2015). Gut Dysbiosis in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145274"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26752","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26752","article-title":"Weight gain in anorexia nervosa does not ameliorate the faecal microbiota, branched chain fatty acid profiles and gastrointestinal complaints","volume":"6","author":"Mack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koliada, A., Syzenko, G., Moseiko, V., Budovska, L., Puchkov, K., Perederiy, V., Gavalko, Y., Dorofeyev, A., Romanenko, M., and Tkach, S. (2017). Association between body mass index and Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio in an adult Ukrainian population. BMC Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1027-1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2013.5","article-title":"The Human Gut Microbiome: A Review of the Effect of Obesity and Surgically Induced Weight Loss","volume":"148","author":"Sweeney","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7125","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007125","article-title":"Monitoring Bacterial Community of Human Gut Microbiota Reveals an Increase in Lactobacillus in Obese Patients and Methanogens in Anorexic Patients","volume":"4","author":"Armougom","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.20","article-title":"Correlation between body mass index and gut concentrations of Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium animalis, Methanobrevibacter smithii and Escherichia coli","volume":"37","author":"Million","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307240","article-title":"Effects of bowel cleansing on the intestinal microbiota","volume":"64","author":"Jalanka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.107.1.210-216.1971","article-title":"Effect of Nutrient Concentration on the Growth of Escherichia Coli","volume":"107","author":"Shehata","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-0945-7","article-title":"Food matters: How the microbiome and gut\u2013brain interaction might impact the development and course of anorexia nervosa","volume":"26","author":"Seitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180118101354","article-title":"Is the Impact of Starvation on the Gut Microbiota Specific or Unspecific to Anorexia Nervosa? A Narrative Review Based on a Systematic Literature Search","volume":"16","author":"Mack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuu010","article-title":"Microbial endocrinology: The interplay between the microbiota and the endocrine system","volume":"39","author":"Neuman","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00041","article-title":"The Impact of Starvation on the Microbiome and Gut-Brain Interaction in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"10","author":"Seitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2018.10.004","article-title":"The Microbiome and Eating Disorders","volume":"42","author":"Seitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"676","article-title":"Anorexia nervosa: Gut microbiota-immune-brain interactions","volume":"39","author":"Smitka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e121","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2014.23","article-title":"Adiposity, gut microbiota and faecal short chain fatty acids are linked in adult humans","volume":"4","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263ra158","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009759","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice","volume":"6","author":"Braniste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12109","article-title":"Microbial genes, brain & behaviour\u2014Epigenetic regulation of the gut-brain axis","volume":"13","author":"Stilling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000244","article-title":"A gut (microbiome) feeling about the brain","volume":"32","author":"Sherwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201100024","article-title":"Probiotics function mechanistically as delivery vehicles for neuroactive compounds: Microbial endocrinology in the design and use of probiotics","volume":"33","author":"Lyte","year":"2011","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.11.002","article-title":"The Serotonin Signaling System: From Basic Understanding To Drug Development for Functional GI Disorders","volume":"132","author":"Gershon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.09.017","article-title":"Indigenous Bacteria from the Gut Microbiota Regulate Host Serotonin Biosynthesis","volume":"163","author":"Yano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.12.2215","article-title":"Comorbidity of Anxiety Disorders With Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa","volume":"161","author":"Kaye","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.12.1675","article-title":"Abnormal caloric requirements for weight maintenance in patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa","volume":"148","author":"Weltzin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810300068010","article-title":"Altered Serotonin Activity in Anorexia-Nervosa after Long-Term Weight Restoration\u2014Does Elevated Cerebrospinal-Fluid 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid Level Correlate with Rigid and Obsessive Behavior","volume":"48","author":"Kaye","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.09.002","article-title":"Psychobiotics and the Manipulation of Bacteria-Gut-Brain Signals","volume":"39","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.05.001","article-title":"Psychobiotics: A Novel Class of Psychotropic","volume":"74","author":"Dinan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"94","article-title":"Brain-Gut-Microbe Communication in Health and Disease","volume":"2","author":"Egrenham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15490","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3299-14.2014","article-title":"Gut Microbes and the Brain: Paradigm Shift in Neuroscience","volume":"34","author":"Mayer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.10.006","article-title":"Prebiotic feeding elevates central brain derived neurotrophic factor, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunits and d-serine","volume":"63","author":"Savignac","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s002489900072","article-title":"Validation of a Three-Stage Compound Continuous Culture System for Investigating the Effect of Retention Time on the Ecology and Metabolism of Bacteria in the Human Colon","volume":"35","author":"Macfarlane","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Gibson, S.A.W. (1994). Metabolic Activities of the Normal Colonic Flora. Human Health\u2014The Contribution of Microorganisms, Springer."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Cummings, J.H., Rombeau, J.L., and Sakata, T. (1995). Microbiological Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acid Production in the Large Bowel. Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90083-W","article-title":"Delayed gastrointestinal transit times in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa","volume":"101","author":"Kamal","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"682","article-title":"Choice of diet in patients with anorexia nervosa","volume":"24","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7053652","article-title":"Nutritional Adequacy of Dietary Intake in Women with Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"7","author":"Raatz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2019, October 26). British Nutrition Foundation Nutrition Requirements. Available online: https:\/\/www.nutrition.org.uk\/bnfevents\/events\/158-healthyliving\/resources\/907-nutritionrequirements.html."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.990140205","article-title":"Optimizing Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization with Rrna-Targeted Oligonucleotide Probes for Flow Cytometric Identification of Microorganisms","volume":"14","author":"Wallner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0723-2020(99)80053-8","article-title":"The Domain-specific Probe EUB338 is Insufficient for the Detection of all Bacteria: Development and Evaluation of a more Comprehensive Probe Set","volume":"22","author":"Daims","year":"1999","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.8.3069-3075.1995","article-title":"Quantitative Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization of Bifidobacterium Spp. With Genus-Specific 16s Rrna-Targeted Probes and Its Application in Fecal Samples","volume":"61","author":"Langendijk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"3","article-title":"A 16s Rrna-Targeted Probe for Detection of Lactobacilli and Enterococci in Faecal Samples by Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization","volume":"11","author":"Hermie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-142-5-1097","article-title":"Application of a Suite of 16s Rrna-Specific Oligonucleotide Probes Designed to Investigate Bacteria of the Phylum Cytophaga-Flavobacter-Bacteroides in the Natural Environment","volume":"142 Pt 5","author":"Manz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.9.3336-3345.1998","article-title":"Variations of Bacterial Populations in Human Feces Measured by Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization with Group-Specific 16s Rrna-Targeted Oligonucleotide Probes","volume":"64","author":"Franks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3692","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.7.3692-3700.2005","article-title":"pH and Peptide Supply Can Radically Alter Bacterial Populations and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Ratios within Microbial Communities from the Human Colon","volume":"71","author":"Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4523","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.10.4523-4527.2000","article-title":"Development of 16s Rrna-Based Probes for the Coriobacterium Group and the Atopobium Cluster and Their Application for Enumeration of Coriobacteriaceae in Human Feces from Volunteers of Different Age Groups","volume":"66","author":"Harmsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4320","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.7.4320-4324.2003","article-title":"Oligonucleotide Probes That Detect Quantitatively Significant Groups of Butyrate-Producing Bacteria in Human Feces","volume":"69","author":"Hold","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0723-2020(11)80122-0","article-title":"Genus- and Group-Specific Hybridization Probes for Determinative and Environmental Studies of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria","volume":"15","author":"Devereux","year":"1992","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.6.2982-2990.2002","article-title":"Extensive Set of 16s Rrna-Based Probes for Detection of Bacteria in Human Feces","volume":"68","author":"Harmsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.3.930-939.1998","article-title":"Bacterial Community Dynamics During Start-up of a Trickle-Bed Bioreactor Degrading Aromatic Compounds","volume":"64","author":"Stoffels","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1177\/41.10.8245407","article-title":"Expression of human mucin genes in respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts ascertained by in situ hybridization","volume":"41","author":"Audie","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2013). Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (Swgtox) Standard Practices for Method Validation in Forensic Toxicology. J. Anal. Toxicol., 37, 452\u2013474.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt054"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.1989.tb00278.x","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of volatile and non-volatile acidic fermentation products of anaerobes by capillary gas chromatography","volume":"9","author":"Richardson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Gibson, G.R., and Walton, G.E. (2016). An In Vitro Approach to Study Effects of Prebiotics and Probiotics on the Faecal Microbiota and Selected Immune Parameters Relevant to the Elderly. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162604"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00392","article-title":"Breaking down the barriers: The gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders","volume":"9","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.04.002","article-title":"Gut-Microbiota-Brain Axis and Its Effect on Neuropsychiatric Disorders With Suspected Immune Dysregulation","volume":"37","author":"Petra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.04.006","article-title":"The Microbiome in Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"22","author":"Sarkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2010.67","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota (commensal bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer: Contribution of germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models of human diseases","volume":"8","author":"Stepankova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prochazkova, P., Roubalova, R., Dvorak, J., Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H., Cermakova, M., Tomasova, P., Sediva, B., Kuzma, M., Bulant, J., and Bilej, M. (2019). Microbiota, Microbial Metabolites, and Barrier Function in A Patient with Anorexia Nervosa after Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090338"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.17","article-title":"Regulation of immune cell function by short-chain fatty acids","volume":"5","author":"Fachi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.02.018","article-title":"The Microbiome and Butyrate Regulate Energy Metabolism and Autophagy in the Mammalian Colon","volume":"13","author":"Donohoe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312135","article-title":"Interplay of host genetics and gut microbiota underlying the onset and clinical presentation of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"67","author":"Imhann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.10.003","article-title":"Alterations of gut barrier and gut microbiota in food restriction, food deprivation and protein-energy wasting","volume":"34","author":"Genton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.240481","article-title":"Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Modulator of Host Metabolism and Appetite","volume":"147","author":"Schellekens","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4984","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-0278","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor-3 Ligation-Induced Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase Expression in Human Trophoblasts","volume":"152","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4611","article-title":"The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism","volume":"5","author":"Frost","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000025","article-title":"Biological significance of short-chain fatty acid metabolism by the intestinal microbiome","volume":"17","author":"Puertollano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2876","article-title":"The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain","volume":"10","author":"Collins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of the gut microbiota on inflammation, obesity, and metabolic disease","volume":"8","author":"Neves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.126706","article-title":"Increased colonic propionate reduces anticipatory reward responses in the human striatum to high-energy foods","volume":"104","author":"Byrne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18309","article-title":"Acetate Mediates a Microbiome-Brain-Beta-Cell Axis to Promote Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"534","author":"Perry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santonicola, A., Gagliardi, M., Guarino, M.P.L., Siniscalchi, M., Ciacci, C., and Iovino, P. (2019). Eating Disorders and Gastrointestinal Diseases. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11123038"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00119","article-title":"Fecal Short Chain Fatty Acids and Dietary Intake in Italian Women With Restrictive Anorexia Nervosa: A Pilot Study","volume":"5","author":"Speranza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.10.023","article-title":"Exposure to a social stressor alters the structure of the intestinal microbiota: Implications for stressor-induced immunomodulation","volume":"25","author":"Bailey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170003587X","article-title":"Moderate dieting causes 5-HT 2C receptor supersensitivity","volume":"26","author":"Cowen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700000635","article-title":"Dieting Changes Serotonergic Function in Women, Not Men: Implications for the Aetiology of Anorexia Nervosa?","volume":"17","author":"Goodwin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6738.1499","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of tryptophan and dieting","volume":"300","author":"Goodwin","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"11","article-title":"Serotonin dysfunction disorders: A behavioral neurochemistry perspective","volume":"57","author":"Petty","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2010_78","article-title":"Serotonin: Imaging Findings in Eating Disorders","volume":"6","author":"Bailer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Neurobiol. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(99)00053-6","article-title":"Altered Dopamine Activity after Recovery from Restricting-Type Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"21","author":"Kaye","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.9.1032","article-title":"Altered Brain Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor Binding After Recovery From Anorexia Nervosa Measured by Positron Emission Tomography and [Carbonyl11C]WAY-100635","volume":"62","author":"Bailer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Dugdale, D.C. (2021, October 26). Catecholamine Blood Test, Available online: https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/003561.htm."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Haldeman, C., Turley, K., and Foley, M. (2021, October 26). Catecholamines (Urine). Available online: https:\/\/www.urmc.rochester.edu\/encyclopedia\/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=catecholamines_urine."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25518","article-title":"Neurotransmitters: The Critical Modulators Regulating Gut\u2013Brain Axis","volume":"232","author":"Mittal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1975.sp011124","article-title":"Some Effects of 5-Hydroxytryptamine, Dopamine and Noradrenaline on Neurones in the Submucous Plexus of Guinea-Pig Small Intestine","volume":"251","author":"Hirst","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/12\/4447\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:46:40Z","timestamp":1760168800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/12\/4447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13124447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13124447","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]}}}